Chapter 1 - Organization of the Body Flashcards
Gross Anatomy
the study of structures which are visible to the unaided eye
Regional Anatomy
all the structures of a particular part of the body are studied together
Systemic Anatomy
body structure is studied system by system
Cross Sectional Anatomy
Sliced into different sections/slides
Surface Anatomy
The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Developmental Anatomy
The study of the change in the body stuctures form conception to birth
Cytology
The study of cells and cell structure
Histology
The study of the tissue
Non-invasive techniques
Permit visualization without dissection. X-rays, tomography, MRIs, ultrasound, PET.
Physiology
the study of function
Responsiveness or excitability
Irritability; the ability to detect or respond to an external stimulus
Adaptability
the ability to alter a physiological operation, or a species to change over time.
Metabolism
executing a series of complex chemical reactoins on which some molecules are broken down while other are built
Growth
the ability to increase in size from the inside to the outside
Reproduction
the ability to make a copy, similar to the original. It is controlled by hormones.
Excretion
have to be able to eliminate body waste
Movement
promoted by the muscular system
Subatomic Organization
Particles make up all matter, such as protons, electrons, and neutrons
Atomic Organization
Combinations of subatomic particles from structures known as atoms.
Molecular
combinations of atoms held together by energy interactions known as chemical bonds
Organelle
Structures made up of combinations of complex organic compounds. Make us components of the cell
Cell
The combination of organelles and other molecules. Considered to be the basic unit of life.
Tissue
Combination of similar or related cells that work together to perform a common function. 4 basic types
Organs
Various combinations of the 4 types of tissues, at least 2 types form an organ
Organ System
organ combinations that work together to perform a common function
Organism
A combination of all previous levels working together
Homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment in spite of a changing external environment
Receptor
a sensor that monitors the variable. it provides the input to the control center
Control center
determines the set point, the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained
Effector
Responsible for carrying out the response for the control center
Negative feedback
the output of a control system is fed back to the input of the system which it causes to move in the opposite direction of the output
Positive feedback
part of the output feedback and increases the input. leads to exaggerated increases in output. it normally disrupts homeostasis where constancy is the goal
Anatomical position
the body ius erect with feel slightly apart and palms face forward
Axial
head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
upper and lower limbs
Sagittal plane
divide left from right
Frontal plane
divide front from back
Transverse plane
cross section, top from bottom, inferior from superior
Oblique
cross section cut out at an angle
Dorsal Body Cavity
houses the central nervous system
Cranial cavity
within the skill, houses the brain
Vertebral cavity
houses the spinal cavity
Thoracic cavity
Upper; has the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea
Abdominopelvic cavity
lower, all other major organs
Ventral Body Cavity
houses all the body organs
Serous Membranes
cover the inner walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surface of an organ. Secrete fluid for lubrication called serous fluid which reduces friction
Parietal Membrane
Lines the body cavity walls
Visceral Membrane
Covers the outer surface of the organ
9 regions
epigastric, right/left hypochondriac, umbilical, right/left lumbar, hypogastric, right/left iliac
4 quadrants
right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower.
Integumentary System
protects internal organs from drying out, bacterial infections, chemical substances, and physical factors
Skeletal System
protects and supports the body organs
Muscular System
Alloqs movement or locomotion
Lymphatic System
Returns leaked fluid to the blood and have white blood cells
Immune System
Protects against foreign substances
Nervous System
Control system of the body
Reproductive System
produces offspring
Urinary System
Elimination of wastes, regulates water and electrolytes
Endocrine System
Secretes hormones, controls metabolism
Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels, heart. Responsible for transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients.
Digestive System
Breaks down food for cell usage
Respiratory System
Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
