Chapter 4 Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
1) Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories? A) muscle tissue B) neural tissue C) osseous tissue D) connective tissue E) epithelial tissue
A
C) osseous tissue
2
Q
2) The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue. A) epithelial B) connective C) muscle D) basal E) apical
A
A) epithelial
3
Q
3) Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except A) attachment. B) avascularity. C) regeneration. D) polarity. E) extracellular matrix.
A
E) extracellular matrix.
4
Q
4) The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the A) desmosome. B) hemidesmosome. C) gap junction. D) tight junction. E) zonula adherens.
A
C) gap junction.
5
Q
5) Functions of epithelia include all of the following except A) providing physical protection. B) controlling permeability. C) absorption. D) producing specialized secretions. E) supporting muscle cells.
A
E) supporting muscle cells.
6
Q
6) Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption usually have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ at their free surface. A) mitochondria B) cilia C) microvilli D) junctional complexes E) Golgi complexes
A
C) microvilli
7
Q
7) A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is called a(n) A) tight junction. B) gap junction. C) intermediate junction. D) desmosome. E) All of the answers are correct.
A
A) tight junction.
8
Q
8) Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called A) gap junctions. B) intermediate junctions. C) tight junctions. D) desmosomes. E) junctional complexes.
A
D) desmosomes.
9
Q
9) Epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for A) contraction. B) conduction. C) secretion. D) circulation. E) support.
A
C) secretion
10
Q
10) Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by A) keratin. B) interfacial canals. C) a basement membrane. D) a reticular lamina. E) proteoglycan.
A
C) a basement membrane.
11
Q
11) Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach?
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) simple cuboidal epithelium
C) simple columnar epithelium
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
E) stratified squamous epithelium
A
C) simple columnar epithelium
12
Q
12) A layer of glycoproteins that prevents leakage of materials from connective tissues into epithelia is the A) integral proteins. B) clear layer. C) matrix. D) dense layer. E) ground substance.
A
B) clear layer.
13
Q
13) Epithelia specialized for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing are known as A) neuroepithelia. B) psychoepithelia. C) neuropsychoepithelia. D) multilaminar epithelia. E) protective epithelia.
A
A) neuroepithelia.
14
Q
14) Germinative cells
A) start in the superficial layers of epithelial tissue.
B) cannot divide in the deep layers of epithelial tissue.
C) make up most of the epithelial type of tissue.
D) divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.
E) cannot function in the repair of epithelial tissue.
A
D) divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.
15
Q
15) In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant? A) tight junctions B) basolateral junctions C) gap junctions D) hemidesmosomes E) desmosomes
A
E) desmosomes
16
Q
16) Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of A) epithelium. B) muscle tissue. C) connective tissue. D) neural tissue. E) fat tissue.
A
A) epithelium.
17
Q
17) Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. The cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue. A) muscle B) neural C) epithelial D) connective E) adipose
A
epithelia
18
Q
18) Transitional epithelium is found A) lining the urinary bladder. B) lining the ducts that drain sweat glands. C) lining kidney tubules. D) lining the stomach. E) at the surface of the skin.
A
A) lining the urinary bladder.
19
Q
19) The heart and blood vessels are lined by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ epithelium. A) pseudostratified columnar B) transitional C) simple cuboidal D) simple columnar E) simple squamous
A
E) simple squamous
20
Q
20) You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the A) trachea. B) urinary bladder. C) secretory portions of the pancreas. D) surface of the skin. E) stomach.
A
A) trachea.
21
Q
The body's first tissue response to any injury is A) fever. B) inflammation. C) bleeding. D) shivering. E) All the above.
A
B) inflammation.
22
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ support, protect, and nourish nerve cells. A) Nurse cells B) Neuroglia C) Neurons D) Nurturons E) Nutrient cells
A
B) Neuroglia
23
Q
The function of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is to propagate electrical signals from one place to another. A) muscle cells B) neurons C) transmitter cells D) teleocytes E) neuroglia
A
B) neurons
24
Q
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity as a result of liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, or heart failure is known as A) edema. B) ischemia. C) inflammation. D) ascites. E) infarction.
A
D) ascites.
25
```
The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the
A) lamina densa.
B) basal lamina.
C) areolar lamina.
D) lamina propria.
E) mucina lamina.
```
D) lamina propria.
26
```
Epithelia and connective tissues combine to form ________ that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body.
A) fasciae
B) aponeuroses
C) organ capsules
D) cutaneous layers
E) body membranes
```
E) body membranes
27
```
In ________ growth, cartilage grows wider or thicker in diameter.
A) appositional
B) intrasitional
C) transitional
D) transformational
E) interstitial
```
A) appositional
28
```
Growth of cartilage by accumulation of matrix around chondrocytes is called ________ growth.
A) appositional
B) intrasitional
C) transitional
D) transformational
E) interstitial
```
E) interstitial
29
```
A herniated disc is an injury of the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?
A) mesenchymal
B) fibrous
C) elastic
D) hyaline
E) articular
```
B) fibrous
30
```
Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by ________ that blocks the growth of blood vessels.
A) leukocytes
B) lymphocytes
C) chondrocytes
D) erythrocytes
E) mesenchymal cells
```
C) chondrocytes
31
```
Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or
A) leukocytes.
B) lymphocytes.
C) erythrocytes.
D) thrombocytes.
E) immunocytes.
```
A) leukocytes.
32
```
Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins against disease. These cells are termed ________, while these proteins are called antibodies.
A) T cells
B) B cells
C) plasma cells
D) immunocytes
E) phagocytes
```
C) plasma cells
33
```
The three kinds of formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
A) lymphocytes.
B) platelets.
C) phagocytes.
D) plasma cells.
E) mast cells.
```
B) platelets.
34
```
Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is called
A) plasma.
B) lymph.
C) blood.
D) humoral fluid.
E) plasmin fluid
```
B) lymph.
35
```
The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are plasma, interstitial fluid, and
A) synovial fluid.
B) urine.
C) sweat.
D) lymph.
E) serous fluid.
```
D) lymph.
36
```
In areolar connective tissue, ________ cells release histamine.
A) plasma
B) mast
C) mesenchymal
D) gland
E) goblet
```
B) mast
37
```
The watery fluid component of blood is called
A) hemosol.
B) liquid elements.
C) formed elements.
D) hemoplasm.
E) plasma.
```
E) plasma.
38
```
The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as
A) collagen.
B) cartilage.
C) chondroitin.
D) matrix.
E) scaffold.
```
D) matrix.
39
```
The viscous component of connective tissue is called
A) basal layer.
B) ground substance.
C) matrix.
D) lymph.
E) plasma.
```
B) ground substance.
40
```
The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.
A) epicrine
B) eccrine
C) holocrine
D) apocrine
E) endocrine
```
D) apocrine
41
```
Which of the following glands have a compound rather than a simple structure?
A) salivary glands
B) sebaceous glands
C) mucous glands
D) sweat glands
E) gastric glands
```
A) salivary glands
42
```
Gland cells produce
A) mesenchyme.
B) antibodies.
C) secretions.
D) phagocytes.
E) fibers.
```
C) secretions.
43
```
The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as
A) perithelium.
B) myothelium.
C) intrathelium.
D) endothelium.
E) mesothelium.
```
E) mesothelium.
44
```
________ are proteins that connect adjacent cells at a gap junction.
A) Bindins
B) Adhesions
C) Connexins
D) Attachons
E) Tieons
```
C) Connexins
45
```
An epithelial cell can be divided into two functional regions. They are the ________ and the basal surface.
A) apical
B) pinnacle
C) topical
D) crest
E) apogeal
```
A) apical
46
```
The study of tissues is called
A) cytology.
B) toxicology.
C) micrology.
D) histology.
E) mycology.
```
D) histology.
47
Tissue changes with age include all of the following except
A) less efficient tissue maintenance.
B) proliferation of epidermal cells.
C) thinner epithelia.
D) more fragile connective tissues.
E) decreased ability to repair tissue damage.
B) proliferation of epidermal cells.
48
```
The permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue is called
A) inflammation.
B) apoptosis.
C) fibrosis.
D) cystosis.
E) necrosis.
```
C) fibrosis.
49
```
During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is the least likely in the region of the injury?
A) increase in basophils
B) increase in histamine
C) increase in blood flow
D) cold, pale skin
E) swelling
```
D) cold, pale skin
50
All of the following are true of neurons except that
A) when mature, they lose the ability to divide.
B) they conduct a nervous impulse.
C) they are composed of a cell body and axon.
D) they are a very specialized form of connective tissue.
E) they are separated from one another by synapses.
D) they are a very specialized form of connective tissue.
51
```
Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue.
A) connective
B) neural
C) areolar
D) osseous
E) epithelial
```
B) neural
52
```
The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.
A) skeletal
B) cardiac
C) smooth
D) voluntary
E) multinucleated
```
C) smooth
53
```
Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of ________ tissue.
A) smooth muscle
B) cardiac muscle
C) skeletal muscle
D) all types of muscle
E) nerve
```
B) cardiac muscle
54
```
Myosatellite cells are found in association with ________ muscle.
A) skeletal
B) smooth
C) cardiac
D) involuntary
E) both smooth and cardiac
```
A) skeletal
55
```
Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.
A) loose connective
B) dense connective
C) epithelial
D) nerve
E) muscle
```
E) muscle
56
```
Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and blends with the tendon?
A) superficial fascia
B) hypodermis
C) deep fascia
D) subserous fascia
E) subcutaneous layer
```
C) deep fascia
57
```
The framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the
A) dermis.
B) superficial fascia.
C) deep fascia.
D) subcutaneous layer.
E) subserous fascia.
```
B) superficial fascia.
58
Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluid ground substance and adipocytes and mast cells fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the
A) inner wall of a blood vessel.
B) lungs.
C) spleen.
D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle.
E) bony socket of the eye.
D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle.
59
```
The term transudate describes fluid associated with
A) mucus membranes.
B) mammary glands.
C) cutaneous membranes.
D) serous membranes.
E) endocrine glands.
```
D) serous membranes.
60
```
The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the
A) pleura.
B) peritoneum.
C) pericardium.
D) periosteum.
E) perichondrium.
```
B) peritoneum.
61
```
The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of
A) cutaneous membranes.
B) mucous membranes.
C) serous membranes.
D) synovial membranes.
E) the lamina propria.
```
C) serous membranes.
62
```
Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?
A) mucous
B) serous
C) cutaneous
D) synovial
E) pleural
```
A) mucous
63
```
Unlike cartilage, bone
A) is a connective tissue.
B) has a matrix that contains collagen.
C) is highly vascular.
D) has an outer covering.
E) has cells within lacunae.
```
C) is highly vascular.
64
```
Damage to a joint cartilage is affecting which type of tissue?
A) fluid connective tissue
B) dense connective tissue
C) supporting connective tissue
D) loose connective tissue
E) adipose tissue
```
C) supporting connective tissue
65
```
Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to
A) blood.
B) epithelium.
C) fat.
D) bone.
E) neural tissue.
```
D) bone.
66
```
Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous
A) perichondrium.
B) ground substance.
C) periosteum.
D) chondroplasm.
E) matrix.
```
A) perichondrium.
67
```
A tissue with a gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is
A) areolar connective tissue.
B) cartilage.
C) bone.
D) epithelium.
E) dense regular connective tissue.
```
B) cartilage.
68
```
Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum?
A) areolar connective tissue
B) hyaline cartilage
C) elastic cartilage
D) fibrous cartilage
E) dense regular connective tissue
```
B) hyaline cartilage
69
```
Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of
A) epithelial tissue.
B) cartilage.
C) areolar tissue.
D) elastic connective tissue.
E) adipose tissue.
```
B) cartilage.
70
```
The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.
A) ligamentous
B) hyaline
C) elastic
D) fibrous
E) osseous
```
B) hyaline
71
```
Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are
A) mast cells.
B) fibroblasts.
C) plasmocytes.
D) mesenchymal cells.
E) lymphocytes.
```
D) mesenchymal cells.
72
```
Antibodies are produced by
A) macrophages.
B) microphages.
C) plasma cells.
D) mast cells.
E) fibroblasts.
```
C) plasma cells.
73
Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except
A) providing strong connections between muscles and bones.
B) supporting epithelia.
C) anchoring blood vessels and nerves.
D) cushioning and stabilizing.
E) filling spaces between organs.
A) providing strong connections between muscles and bones.
74
```
Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are
A) fibroblasts.
B) macrophages.
C) adipocytes.
D) mast cells.
E) melanocytes.
```
B) macrophages.
75
```
The color distinction between white fat and brown fat exists because brown fat
A) includes active melanocytes.
B) is more superficial.
C) traps pollutants.
D) is highly vascular.
E) is more mature.
```
D) is highly vascular.
76
The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are
A) tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments.
B) loose, dense, and irregular.
C) cartilage, bone, and collagen.
D) collagen, reticular, and elastic.
E) polar, cellular, and permeable.
D) collagen, reticular, and elastic.
77
```
_______ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another.
A) Ligaments; tendons
B) Ligaments; aponeuroses
C) Tendons; ligaments
D) Aponeuroses; tendons
E) Reticular tissues; tendons
```
C) Tendons; ligaments
78
```
Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen?
A) adipocytes
B) fibroblasts
C) macrophages
D) mast cells
E) lymphocytes
```
B) fibroblasts
79
```
Wharton's jelly is a form of
A) Marfan's syndrome.
B) mucous connective tissue.
C) ground substance.
D) collagen fiber.
E) embryonic epithelium.
```
B) mucous connective tissue.
80
```
What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood?
A) erythrocyte
B) leukocyte
C) platelet
D) monocyte
E) phagocyte
```
A) erythrocyte
81
```
Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are
A) all connective tissues proper.
B) elastic and hyaline cartilage.
C) dense irregular connective tissues.
D) reticular connective tissues.
E) dense regular connective tissues.
```
C) dense irregular connective tissues.
82
```
Two types of microphages include
A) mesenchymal cells and melanocytes.
B) mast cells and basophils.
C) fixed macrophages and free macrophages.
D) neutrophils and eosinophils.
E) microphages and adipocytes.
```
D) neutrophils and eosinophils.
83
```
Two classes of macrophages include
A) mesenchymal cells and melanocytes.
B) mast cells and basophils.
C) fixed macrophages and free macrophages.
D) neutrophils and eosinophils.
E) microphages and adipocytes.
```
C) fixed macrophages and free macrophages.
84
The three categories of connective tissues are
A) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.
B) epithelial connective tissue, muscle connective tissue, and neural connective tissue.
C) glandular connective tissue, exocrine connective tissue, and endocrine connective tissue.
D) connective tissue proper, cartilage connective tissue, and bone connective tissue.
E) areolar connective tissue, adipose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue
A) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.
85
```
Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except
A) tendons.
B) ligaments.
C) aponeuroses.
D) areolar tissue.
E) elastic tissue.
```
D) areolar tissue.
86
```
The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is
A) collagen.
B) elastin.
C) actin.
D) myosin.
E) connectin.
```
A) collagen.
87
```
The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.
A) loose connective
B) regular dense connective
C) irregular dense connective
D) reticular connective
E) adipose
```
D) reticular connective
88
```
The viscous material between cells of areolar connective tissue is called the
A) cytosol.
B) ground substance.
C) cytoplasm.
D) crista.
E) gel matrix.
```
B) ground substance.
89
```
Blood is which type of tissue?
A) mesenchyme
B) nerve
C) epithelial
D) muscle
E) connective
```
E) connective
90
```
Which cell produces the protein fibers in areolar connective tissue?
A) squamous cell
B) adipocyte
C) fibroblast
D) chondroblast
E) chondrocyte
```
C) fibroblast
91
```
Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper"?
1. areolar connective tissue
2. adipose tissue
3. fibrocartilage
4. dense irregular connective tissue
A) 3 and 4
B) 1, 2, and 3
C) 1 and 2
D) 1, 2, and 4
E) 1 and 3
```
D) 1, 2, and 4
92
```
A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind pocket with a single unbranched duct would be called
A) simple tubular.
B) simple alveolar.
C) compound tubular.
D) compound alveolar.
E) tubuloalveolar.
```
B) simple alveolar.
93
```
Unicellular exocrine glands secrete
A) milk.
B) sweat.
C) mucus.
D) sebum.
E) insulin.
```
C) mucus.
94
```
The pancreas produces ________ secretions.
A) serous and sebaceous
B) mucous and acid
C) merocrine and holocrine
D) exocrine and endocrine
E) secretory and absorptive
```
D) exocrine and endocrine
95
```
Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are ________ glands.
A) apocrine
B) sudoriferous
C) holocrine
D) endocrine
E) merocrine
```
C) holocrine
96
```
Watery perspiration is an example of a(n) ________ secretion.
A) merocrine
B) apocrine
C) holocrine
D) serous
E) mucous
```
A) merocrine
97
```
Cells that are specialized for secretion
A) have a free surface that is flat.
B) have a small nucleus.
C) are usually squamous.
D) exhibit polarity.
E) are found only in the digestive system.
```
D) exhibit polarity.
98
```
Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.
A) endocrine
B) interstitial
C) exocrine
D) merocrine
E) holocrine
```
A) endocrine
99
```
The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes
A) histology.
B) physiology.
C) anatomy.
D) embryology.
E) exfoliative cytology
```
E) exfoliative cytology.
100
```
The study of cells shed from epithelial surfaces, often for diagnostic purposes, is termed
A) histology.
B) physiology.
C) anatomy.
D) embryology.
E) exfoliative cytology.
```
E) exfoliative cytology.
101
```
The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is
A) support and structure.
B) protection and transport.
C) phagocytosis and immunity.
D) absorption and secretion.
E) storage and retrieval.
```
D) absorption and secretion.
102
```
The epithelium that forms air sacs in the lungs is ________ epithelium.
A) stratified squamous
B) simple cuboidal
C) simple squamous
D) transitional
E) simple columnar
```
C) simple squamous
103
```
The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are
A) simple and proper.
B) stratified and pseudostratified.
C) squamous and simple.
D) simple and stratified.
E) cuboidal and columnar.
```
D) simple and stratified.
104
Secretions through a duct might provide ________, whereas ductless secretions act as ________.
A) lubrication; lubricators
B) enzymes; hormones
C) transport media; physical protectors
D) superficial relief; interstitial fluid
E) odors; alarms
B) enzymes; hormones
105
```
The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as
A) simple squamous.
B) stratified squamous.
C) simple cuboidal.
D) stratified cuboidal.
E) transitional.
```
A) simple squamous.
106
```
Mesothelium is to the body cavities as endothelium is to the
A) kidneys.
B) heart and blood vessels.
C) urinary bladder.
D) mouth.
E) large intestine.
```
B) heart and blood vessels.
107
Which of the following statements about simple epithelia is false?
A) They afford little mechanical protection.
B) They are characteristic of regions where secretion or absorption occurs.
C) They line internal compartments and passageways.
D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress.
E) They are avascular.
D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress.
