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Human A&P > Chapter 4 Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

TISSUE

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

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2
Q

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

A

independent little creatures that obtain and digest food, ejects its wastes, and carries out all the other activities necessary to keep itself alive

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3
Q

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A

covers
sheet of cells that cover the body surface or lines a body cavity
forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, and filters
ex. lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, glands (pancreas), and skin surface

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4
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

supports
supports, protects, binds other tissues together
ex. bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue

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5
Q

MUSCLE TISSUE

A

moves
contracts to cause movement
ex. muscles attached to bones (skeletal), muscles of heart (cardiac), and muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

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6
Q

NERVOUS TISSUE

A

controls
internal communication
ex. brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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7
Q

NEGATIVELY CHARGED MOLECULES

A

acidic stains

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8
Q

POSITIVELY CHARGED MOLECULES

A

base stains

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9
Q

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM)

A

tissue cells are stained with heavy metal salts (looks like regular microscope picture)

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10
Q

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM)

A

provides 3D pictures of unsectioned tissue surface (looks more realistic)

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11
Q

ARTIFACTS

A

minor distortions from original condition

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12
Q

COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM

A

forms the outer layer of the skin; dips into and lines the open cavities of the urogenital, digestive, amd respiratory systems

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13
Q

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

A

fashions the glands of the body

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE 5 DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIUM?

A

polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, and regeneration

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15
Q

POLARITY

A

APICAL SURFACE: not attached to surrounding tissue and is exposed to either the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ
BASAL SURFACE: attached to the underlying connective tissue

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16
Q

MICROVILLI

A

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
increase the exposed surface area

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17
Q

BRUSH BORDER

A

fuzzy appearance

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18
Q

BASAL LAMINA

A

noncellular adhesive sheet consists largely of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells plus some fine collagen fibers
acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium

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19
Q

SPECIALIZED CONTACTS

A

epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets
the sides of adjecent cells are held together by tight junctions and desmosomes (prevent substances from leaking through spaces and keep cells from pulling apart

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20
Q

WHAT ARE EPITHELIAL CELLS SUPPORTED BY?

A

connective tissue

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21
Q

BASEMENT MEMBRANE

A

reinforces epithelial sheet, helps resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary
two layers: basal lamina & reticular lamina

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22
Q

RETICULAR LAMINA

A

deep to the basal lamina, consists of a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue

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23
Q

AVASCULAR

A

contains no blood vessels (epithelial)

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24
Q

INNERVATED

A

supplies by nerve fibers (epithelial)

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25
Q

HOW ARE EPITHELIAL CELLS NOURISHED?

A

substances diffusing from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue

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26
Q

REGENERATION

A

epithelium has a high regenerative capacity

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27
Q

HOW MANY PARTS DOES EACH EPITHELIUM NAME HAVE?

A

2 parts:
first name: indicates the number of cell layers present (based on that number there are simple and stratified)
last name: describes the shape of its cells.

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28
Q

SIMPLE EPITHELIA

A

a single cell layer typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur

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29
Q

STRATIFIED EPITHELIA

A

two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other

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30
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE COMMON SHAPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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31
Q

SQUAMUS CELLS

A

flattened and scale like

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32
Q

CUBODIAL CELLS

A

box like, approx. as tall as wide

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33
Q

COLUMNAR CELLS

A

tall and column shaped

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34
Q

SIMPLE EPITHELIA

A

most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration; single cell layer, very thin

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35
Q

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

A

flattened; sparse cytoplasm; filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion; composed of several layers; used for protection
2 types: endothelium and mesothelium

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36
Q

ENDOTHELIUM

A

slick friction reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system

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37
Q

MESOTHELIUM

A

epithelium found in serous membranes, lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs

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38
Q

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A

cary in height; gives false impression that several cell layers are present; secrets and absorbs substances

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39
Q

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

A

forms lining of hollow urinary organs; have the ability to change cell shape

40
Q

GLAND

A

one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

41
Q

SECRETION

A

water based fluid that usually contains proteins

42
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

A

lose their ducts during development; produce hormones

43
Q

EXOCRINE GLANDS

A

secrete products onto body surface or into body cavities

44
Q

MUCIN

A

complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted; once dissolved it forms mucus

45
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO PARTS OF MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS?

A

epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit

46
Q

MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

A

simple glands have an unbranched duct
compound glands have a branched duct
tubular is the secretory cells form tubes
alveolar if they form small flasklike sacs
tubuloalveolar is they have both types of secretory units

47
Q

MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS MODES OF SECRETIONS

A

merocrine glands: secret products by exocytosis as they are produced
holocrine glands: accumulate their product until they rupture

48
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

4 main types: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood
Can bear weight withstand great tension and endure abuses such as physical trauma and abrasion that no other tissue can tolerate because if it’s matrix

49
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

A

loose connective tissue functions as a binding tissue, resists mechanical stress (tension), stores salt, water, and fat

50
Q

CARTILAGE

A

resists compression because of large amounts of water held in matrix, functions to cushion and support body structures

51
Q

BONE

A

hard tissue that resists compression and tension; functions in support

52
Q

BLOOD

A

a fluid tissue; functions to carry O2 CO2, nutrients, wastes, and others

53
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

A

binding and supporting
protecting
insulating
storing reserve fuel
transporting substances within the body

54
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

A

Ground substance fibers and cells (together they make the extracellular matrix)

55
Q

GROUND SUBSTANCE

A

the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers

56
Q

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

A

the ground substance consists of large amounts of fluid and functions as amolecular sieve through which nutrients and other dissolved substances can diffuse between the blood capillaries and the cells

57
Q

CELL ADHESION PROTEINS

A

serve as connective tissue glue that allows connective tissue cells to attach to the extracellular matrix

58
Q

PROTEOGLYCANS

A

a protein core where large polysaccharides are attached

59
Q

COLLAGEN FIBERS

A

constructed primarily of collagen (very strong)

60
Q

ELASTIC FIBERS

A

form branching networks in the extracellular matrix; contain rubberlike protein (elastin) that allows them to stretch and recoil

61
Q

RETICULAR FIBERS

A

short fine fibers made from thicker collagen fibers

62
Q

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL

A

immature blood cell forming type

63
Q

ADIPOCYTES

A

store energy as fat

64
Q

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

A

cells that are concerned with tissue response to injury

65
Q

MAST CELLS

A

oval cells that detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them

66
Q

HEPARIN

A

anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in the bloodstream

67
Q

HISTAMINE

A

substance that makes capillaries leaky

68
Q

MACROPHAGES

A

large irregular shaped cells that avidly devour a broad variety of foreign materials

69
Q

MESENCHYME

A

a fluid ground substance containing fine spase fibers and star shaped mesenchymal cells

70
Q

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES

A

serves as a universal packing material between other tissues
binds body parts together while allowing them to move freely over one another

71
Q

ADIPOSE TISSUE

A

great nutrient storing ability; closely packed cells

72
Q

RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

form a delicate network; widely distributed in the body

73
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 VARIETIES OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

A

dense regular
dense irregular
elastic

74
Q

DENSE REGULAR

A

closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction parallel to the direction of pull; great resistance to tension; flexible

75
Q

DENSE IRREGULAR

A

thick and arranged irregularly

76
Q

TYPES OF TISSUES?

A

STUDY PICTURES

77
Q

ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

ligaments; stretchy

78
Q

CARTILAGE

A

stands up to tension and compression; tough but flexible

79
Q

HYALINE CARTILAGE

A

most abundant cartilage in the body

80
Q

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

A

more elastic fibers than HYALINE

81
Q

FIBROCARTILAGE

A

rows of chondrocytes and thick collagen fibers

82
Q

MICROFILAMENTS

A

elaborate networks of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement and contraction

83
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 KINDS OF MUSCLE TISSUE?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

84
Q

MUCLE TISSUES

A

well vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement

85
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLE

A

attached to the bones of the skeleton; contract and pull on bones and skin

86
Q

CARDIAC MUSCLE

A

only found in the walls of the heart; propel blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body

87
Q

SMOOTH MUSCLE

A

spindle shaped; contain one centrally located nucleus; found mainly in the walls of hollow organs

88
Q

NERVOUS TISSUE

A

main component of the nervous system; brain, spinal cord, nerves

89
Q

NEURONS

A

highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

90
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF COVERING AND LINING MEMBRANES?

A

cutaneous
mucous
serous
composed of at least 2 tissue types; epithelium bound to an underlying layer of connective tissue proper

91
Q

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE

A

skin

92
Q

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

A

line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body

93
Q

SEROUS MEMBRANE

A

moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities

94
Q

WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF TISSUE REPAIR?

A

regeneration: replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue
fibrosis: replaces destroyed tissue with scar tissue (dense connective tissue)

95
Q

GRANULATION TISSUE

A

delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries that grow from nearby areas and lay down a new capillary bed

Human A&P (2 decks)

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