Chapter 4 Tissue Flashcards
TISSUE
groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
independent little creatures that obtain and digest food, ejects its wastes, and carries out all the other activities necessary to keep itself alive
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
covers
sheet of cells that cover the body surface or lines a body cavity
forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, and filters
ex. lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, glands (pancreas), and skin surface
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
supports
supports, protects, binds other tissues together
ex. bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue
MUSCLE TISSUE
moves
contracts to cause movement
ex. muscles attached to bones (skeletal), muscles of heart (cardiac), and muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
NERVOUS TISSUE
controls
internal communication
ex. brain, spinal cord, and nerves
NEGATIVELY CHARGED MOLECULES
acidic stains
POSITIVELY CHARGED MOLECULES
base stains
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM)
tissue cells are stained with heavy metal salts (looks like regular microscope picture)
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM)
provides 3D pictures of unsectioned tissue surface (looks more realistic)
ARTIFACTS
minor distortions from original condition
COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM
forms the outer layer of the skin; dips into and lines the open cavities of the urogenital, digestive, amd respiratory systems
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
fashions the glands of the body
WHAT ARE THE 5 DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIUM?
polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, and regeneration
POLARITY
APICAL SURFACE: not attached to surrounding tissue and is exposed to either the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ
BASAL SURFACE: attached to the underlying connective tissue
MICROVILLI
fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
increase the exposed surface area
BRUSH BORDER
fuzzy appearance
BASAL LAMINA
noncellular adhesive sheet consists largely of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells plus some fine collagen fibers
acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium
SPECIALIZED CONTACTS
epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets
the sides of adjecent cells are held together by tight junctions and desmosomes (prevent substances from leaking through spaces and keep cells from pulling apart
WHAT ARE EPITHELIAL CELLS SUPPORTED BY?
connective tissue
BASEMENT MEMBRANE
reinforces epithelial sheet, helps resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary
two layers: basal lamina & reticular lamina
RETICULAR LAMINA
deep to the basal lamina, consists of a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue
AVASCULAR
contains no blood vessels (epithelial)
INNERVATED
supplies by nerve fibers (epithelial)
HOW ARE EPITHELIAL CELLS NOURISHED?
substances diffusing from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue
REGENERATION
epithelium has a high regenerative capacity
HOW MANY PARTS DOES EACH EPITHELIUM NAME HAVE?
2 parts:
first name: indicates the number of cell layers present (based on that number there are simple and stratified)
last name: describes the shape of its cells.
SIMPLE EPITHELIA
a single cell layer typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur
STRATIFIED EPITHELIA
two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other
WHAT ARE THE THREE COMMON SHAPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS?
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
SQUAMUS CELLS
flattened and scale like
CUBODIAL CELLS
box like, approx. as tall as wide
COLUMNAR CELLS
tall and column shaped
SIMPLE EPITHELIA
most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration; single cell layer, very thin
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
flattened; sparse cytoplasm; filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion; composed of several layers; used for protection
2 types: endothelium and mesothelium
ENDOTHELIUM
slick friction reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system
MESOTHELIUM
epithelium found in serous membranes, lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
cary in height; gives false impression that several cell layers are present; secrets and absorbs substances
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
forms lining of hollow urinary organs; have the ability to change cell shape
GLAND
one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
SECRETION
water based fluid that usually contains proteins
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
lose their ducts during development; produce hormones
EXOCRINE GLANDS
secrete products onto body surface or into body cavities
MUCIN
complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted; once dissolved it forms mucus
WHAT ARE THE TWO PARTS OF MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS?
epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit
MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
simple glands have an unbranched duct
compound glands have a branched duct
tubular is the secretory cells form tubes
alveolar if they form small flasklike sacs
tubuloalveolar is they have both types of secretory units
MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS MODES OF SECRETIONS
merocrine glands: secret products by exocytosis as they are produced
holocrine glands: accumulate their product until they rupture
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
4 main types: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood
Can bear weight withstand great tension and endure abuses such as physical trauma and abrasion that no other tissue can tolerate because if it’s matrix
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
loose connective tissue functions as a binding tissue, resists mechanical stress (tension), stores salt, water, and fat
CARTILAGE
resists compression because of large amounts of water held in matrix, functions to cushion and support body structures
BONE
hard tissue that resists compression and tension; functions in support
BLOOD
a fluid tissue; functions to carry O2 CO2, nutrients, wastes, and others
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE?
binding and supporting
protecting
insulating
storing reserve fuel
transporting substances within the body
WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE?
Ground substance fibers and cells (together they make the extracellular matrix)
GROUND SUBSTANCE
the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
the ground substance consists of large amounts of fluid and functions as amolecular sieve through which nutrients and other dissolved substances can diffuse between the blood capillaries and the cells
CELL ADHESION PROTEINS
serve as connective tissue glue that allows connective tissue cells to attach to the extracellular matrix
PROTEOGLYCANS
a protein core where large polysaccharides are attached
COLLAGEN FIBERS
constructed primarily of collagen (very strong)
ELASTIC FIBERS
form branching networks in the extracellular matrix; contain rubberlike protein (elastin) that allows them to stretch and recoil
RETICULAR FIBERS
short fine fibers made from thicker collagen fibers
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL
immature blood cell forming type
ADIPOCYTES
store energy as fat
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
cells that are concerned with tissue response to injury
MAST CELLS
oval cells that detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them
HEPARIN
anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in the bloodstream
HISTAMINE
substance that makes capillaries leaky
MACROPHAGES
large irregular shaped cells that avidly devour a broad variety of foreign materials
MESENCHYME
a fluid ground substance containing fine spase fibers and star shaped mesenchymal cells
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES
serves as a universal packing material between other tissues
binds body parts together while allowing them to move freely over one another
ADIPOSE TISSUE
great nutrient storing ability; closely packed cells
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
form a delicate network; widely distributed in the body
WHAT ARE THE 3 VARIETIES OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE?
dense regular
dense irregular
elastic
DENSE REGULAR
closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction parallel to the direction of pull; great resistance to tension; flexible
DENSE IRREGULAR
thick and arranged irregularly
TYPES OF TISSUES?
STUDY PICTURES
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ligaments; stretchy
CARTILAGE
stands up to tension and compression; tough but flexible
HYALINE CARTILAGE
most abundant cartilage in the body
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
more elastic fibers than HYALINE
FIBROCARTILAGE
rows of chondrocytes and thick collagen fibers
MICROFILAMENTS
elaborate networks of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement and contraction
WHAT ARE THE 3 KINDS OF MUSCLE TISSUE?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
MUCLE TISSUES
well vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement
SKELETAL MUSCLE
attached to the bones of the skeleton; contract and pull on bones and skin
CARDIAC MUSCLE
only found in the walls of the heart; propel blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body
SMOOTH MUSCLE
spindle shaped; contain one centrally located nucleus; found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
NERVOUS TISSUE
main component of the nervous system; brain, spinal cord, nerves
NEURONS
highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF COVERING AND LINING MEMBRANES?
cutaneous
mucous
serous
composed of at least 2 tissue types; epithelium bound to an underlying layer of connective tissue proper
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
skin
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body
SEROUS MEMBRANE
moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF TISSUE REPAIR?
regeneration: replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue
fibrosis: replaces destroyed tissue with scar tissue (dense connective tissue)
GRANULATION TISSUE
delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries that grow from nearby areas and lay down a new capillary bed
