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Human A&P > Chapter 3 (Cells of the Human Body) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (Cells of the Human Body) Flashcards

1
Q

What are CELLS?

A

the smallest unit of life

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2
Q

What are EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS?

A

substances found outside cells

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3
Q

What are the CLASSES OF EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS?

A

extracellular fluids
interstitial fluid
blood plasma
cerebrospinal fluid
cellular secretions
extracellular matrix

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4
Q

What are EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS (body fluids)?

A

interstitial fluid
blood plasma
cerebrospinal fluid

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5
Q

What is INTERSTITIAL FLUID?

A

the fluid that cells are surrounded by

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6
Q

What is BLOOD PLASMA?

A

the fluid in blood

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7
Q

What is CEREBROSPINAL FLUID?

A

the fluid that the nervous system organs are surrounded by

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8
Q

What are CELLULAR SECRETIONS?

A

saliva
mucus

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9
Q

What is the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX?

A

a substance that acts as glue to hold cells together

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10
Q

What is the PLASMA MEMBRANE (CELL MEMBRANE)?

A

acts as an active barrier separating intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid and controls what enters and leaves the cell
75% phospholipids
5% glycolipids
20% cholesterol

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11
Q

What is a TRANSPORT PROTEIN?

A

a protein that spans the membrane may provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute

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12
Q

What is ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY?

A

a membrane protein that may be an enzyme with its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution

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13
Q

What does ATTACHMENT TO THE CYTOSKELETON AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX mean?

A

elements of the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix may anchor to membrane protiens

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14
Q

What are RECEPTORS FOR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION?

A

a membrane protein exposed to the outside of the cell my have a binding site that fits the shape of a specific chemical messenger, such as a hormone

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15
Q

What is CELL-CELL RECOGNITION?

A

some glycoproteins serve as identification tags that cells are specifically recognised by other cells

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16
Q

What is CELL-TO-CELL JOINING?

A

membrane proteins adjacent cells may be hooked together in various kinds of intercellular junctions

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17
Q

What is a CELL ADHESION MOLECULE?

A

thousands of sticky glycoprotein projecting from membrane; some cells are free(not bound to other cells); most cells are bound together to form organs and tissues

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18
Q

What do CELL ADHESION MOLECULES do?

A

anchor cell to extracellular matrix or each other, assist in movement of cells past one another, attract WBCs to injured or infected areas, stimulate synthesis or degradation adhesive membrane junctions, transmit intracellular signals to direct cell migration, proliferation, and specialization

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19
Q

What are the 3 ways cells can be bound together?

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

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20
Q

What are TIGHT JUNCTIONS?

A

prevent liquid from getting through

21
Q

What are DESMOSOMES?

A

used for anchoring cells to each other and they prevent cells from being ripped in half

22
Q

What are GAP JUNCTIONS?

A

tiny channels that allow for cell-cell communication; make the cytoplasm of one cell continuous with the adjacent cell; no large molecules

23
Q

What is PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

A

simple diffusion across the lipid bilayer; does not require energy; small molecules able to pass through

24
Q

What is OSMOSIS?

A

water molecules crossing a membrane from high concentration to low

25
Q

What is an ISOTONIC SOLUTION?

A

cells retain their normal size and shape (same solute/water concentration as inside cells; water moves in and out)

26
Q

What is a HYPERTONIC SOLUTION?

A

cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (contains a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes that are present inside the cells)

27
Q

What is a HYPOTONIC SOLUTION?

A

cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse) (contains a lower concentration of non

28
Q

What is ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

A

requires energy; larger molecules

29
Q

What is ENDOCYTOSIS?

A

moving things from outside the cell into it

30
Q

What is PHAGOCYTOSIS?

A

engulfing foreign structures that have made their way into our body

31
Q

What is PINOCYTOSIS?

A

a cell takes in small samples of its environment

32
Q

What is EXOCYTOSIS?

A

how our bodies secrete things outside of its cells

33
Q

What is the CYTOPLASM?

A

all cellular material that is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

34
Q

What is the CYTOPLASM composed of?

A

cytosol, inclusions, organelles

35
Q

What is CYSTOL?

A

gel-like solution made up of water and soluble molecules

36
Q

What are INCLUSIONS?

A

insoluble molecules; vary with cell type

37
Q

What ORGANELLES?

A

metabolic machinery structures of cell; each with specialized function; either membranous or nonmembranous

38
Q

What is the MITOCHONDRIA?

A

outside and inside membrane; has its own DNA and RNA

39
Q

What does
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM do?

A

protein synthesis

40
Q

What does the SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM do?

A

breaks down lipids and makes phospholipids

41
Q

What does the GOLGI APARATUS do?

A

transports things where they need to go

42
Q

What is GLYCOSYLATION?

A

the addition of carbohydrates to a protein to make it a glycoprotein

43
Q

What is a LYSOSOME?

A

spherical membranous containing digestive enzymes

44
Q

What makes up the CYTOSKELETON?

A

microfilaments and intermediate filaments

45
Q

What are MICROFILAMENTS?

A

strands made up of spherical protein subunits called actin

46
Q

What are INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS?

A

tough, insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes, composed of tetramer fibrils

47
Q

What are MICROVILLI?

A

fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane that project from surface of select cells

48
Q

What is the NUCLEUS?

A

nuclear envelope (double membraned), nuclear pores, nucleolus, and chromatin

49
Q

What are the stages of the CELL CYCLE?

A

Growth, Growth and DNA synthesis, Growth and final preparations for division, mitosis(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase), and cytokinesis

Human A&P (2 decks)

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