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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4 the muscular system > Flashcards

Chapter 4 the muscular system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

abduction

A

the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

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2
Q

Achilles tendinitis

A

a painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon

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3
Q

adduction

A

the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

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4
Q

adhesion

A

a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

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5
Q

antispasmodic

A

administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder

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6
Q

ataxia

A

the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement

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7
Q

atonic

A

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

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8
Q

atrophy

A

weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures

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9
Q

biceps brachii

A

biceps, formed from two divisions

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10
Q

bradykinesia

A

extreme slowness in movement

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11
Q

cardioplegia

A

paralysis of heart muscle (cardiac arrest)

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12
Q

carpal tunnel release

A

the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve nerve pressure

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13
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

occurs when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen

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14
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome

A

a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems

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15
Q

circumduction

A

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

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16
Q

compartment syndrome

A

involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles

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17
Q

contraction

A

the tightening of a muscle

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18
Q

contracture

A

the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

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19
Q

cramp

A

a localized muscle spasm often named for its cause

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20
Q

deep tendon reflexes

A

tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon

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21
Q

deltoid muscle

A

forms the muscular cap of the shoulder

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22
Q

depression

A

the act of lowering a body part

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23
Q

dorsiflexion

A

bends the foot upward at the ankle

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24
Q

dyskinesia

A

the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm

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25
Q

dystaxia

A

a mild form of ataxia

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26
Q

dystonia

A

a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

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27
Q

electroneuromyography

A

a diagnostic procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of the nerve trunk that carries fibers to and from the muscle

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28
Q

electromyography

A

a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

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29
Q

elevation

A

the act of raising or lifting a body part

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30
Q

epicondylitis

A

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

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31
Q

ergonomics

A

the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

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32
Q

exercise physiologist

A

a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness

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33
Q

extension

A

increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening of a limb

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34
Q

fascia

A

the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles or groups of muscles

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35
Q

fasciitis

A

inflammation of a fascia

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36
Q

fascioplasty

A

the surgical repair of fascia

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37
Q

fasciotomy

A

a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure

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38
Q

fibromyalgia syndrome

A

a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse and or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms

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39
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

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40
Q

ganglion cyst

A

a harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist

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41
Q

gluteus maximus

A

the largest muscle of the buttock

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42
Q

hamstring group

A

located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

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43
Q

hamstring injury

A

a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles

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44
Q

heel spur

A

a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia nears its attachment to the calcaneus bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis

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45
Q

hemiparesis

A

slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body

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46
Q

hemiplegia

A

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body

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47
Q

hyperextension

A

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

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48
Q

hyperkinesia

A

abnormally increased muscle function or activity

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49
Q

hypertonia

A

a condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles

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50
Q

hypokinesia

A

abnormally decreased muscle function or activity

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51
Q

hypotonia

A

a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

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52
Q

impingement syndrome

A

occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

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53
Q

insertion

A

the place where the muscle ends by attaching to a bonen or tendon; the more moveable attachment, located farthest from the midline of the body

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54
Q

intermittent claudication

A

pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

55
Q

muscle fibers

A

the long, slender cells that make up muscles

56
Q

muscle innervations

A

the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

57
Q

muscle tone

A

the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible

58
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system

59
Q

myalgia

A

tenderness or pain in the muscles

60
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles

61
Q

myocele

A

the herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it

62
Q

myectomy

A

the surgical excision of a portion of a muscle

63
Q

myocardial muscles

A

form the muscular walls of the heart

64
Q

myoclonus

A

the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

65
Q

myofascial

A

pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

66
Q

myofascial pain syndrome

A

a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body

67
Q

myofascial release

A

a specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), and carpal tunnel syndrome

68
Q

myolysis

A

the degeneration of muscle tissue

69
Q

myomalacia

A

abnormal softening of muscle tissue

70
Q

myoparesis

A

a weakness or slight muscular paralysis

71
Q

myorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing of a muscle wound

72
Q

myorrhexis

A

the rupture or tearing of a muscle

73
Q

myotomy

A

a surgical incision into a muscle

74
Q

myotonia

A

a neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles after a voluntary contraction

75
Q

myoplasty

A

the surgical repair of a muscle

76
Q

neurologist

A

a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function

77
Q

neuromuscular

A

pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle

78
Q

neuromuscular blocker

A

a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles

79
Q

nocturnal myoclonus

A

jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep

80
Q

oblique

A

slanted or at an angle

81
Q

occupational therapy

A

consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in normalizing their ability to perform the activities of daily living (ADL)

82
Q

origin

A

the place where the muscle begins; the less moveable attachment located nearest the midline of the body

83
Q

overuse injuries

A

minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal

84
Q

overuse tendinitis

A

inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint

85
Q

paralysis

A

the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

86
Q

paraplegia

A

the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

87
Q

physiatrist

A

a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function

88
Q

physical therapy

A

treatment to prevent disability or to restore functioning through the use of exercise

89
Q

plantar fasciitis

A

an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot

90
Q

plantar flexion

A

bends the foot downward at the ankle

91
Q

polymyositis

A

a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

92
Q

pronation

A

the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

93
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four extremeties

94
Q

range of motion testing (ROM)

A

a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength

95
Q

rectus

A

in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body

96
Q

relaxation

A

when a muscle returns to its original form

97
Q

repetitive stress disorders

A

a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports

98
Q

rheumatologist

A

a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia and tendonitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues

99
Q

RICE

A

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

100
Q

rotation

A

turns a bone on its own axis

101
Q

rotator cuff tendinitis

A

an inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff

102
Q

ruptured rotator cuff

A

develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues

103
Q

sarcopenia

A

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

104
Q

shin splint

A

a painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia

105
Q

singultus

A

myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm (hiccups)

106
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant

A

administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries

107
Q

skeletal muscles

A

attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible

108
Q

smooth muscles

A

located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands

109
Q

spasm

A

a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles

110
Q

spasmodic torticollis

A

a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

111
Q

sphincter

A

a ring-like muscle that tightly constructs the opening of a passageway

112
Q

spinal cord injury

A

the type of paralysis is determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury

113
Q

sports medicine physician

A

specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles

114
Q

sprain

A

an injury of a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament

115
Q

strain

A

an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon

116
Q

supination

A

the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand, or sole of the foot, is turned forward or upward

117
Q

tendinitis

A

an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

118
Q

tendon

A

a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

119
Q

tenectomy

A

the surgical resection of a portion of a tendon or tendon sheath

120
Q

tenodesis

A

the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

121
Q

tenodynia

A

pain in a tendon

122
Q

tenolysis

A

the release of a tendon from adhesions

123
Q

tenoplasty

A

the surgical repair of a tendon

124
Q

tenorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon

125
Q

tenotomy

A

the surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle

126
Q

therapeutic ultrasound

A

utilizes high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue

127
Q

transverse

A

in a crosswise direction

128
Q

triceps brachii

A

triceps, formed from three divisions

129
Q

Lateralis

A

toward the side

130
Q

Phsiatrist

A

is a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function.

131
Q

myocardial

A

heart muscles

132
Q

fasciorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing of torn fascia

133
Q

fasciectomy

A

the surgical removal of fascia

134
Q

herniorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing of a defect in a muscular wall, such as the repair of a hermia.

Medical Terminology (6 decks)

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