Chapter 3 The Skeletal System Flashcards
ankyl/o
crooked, bent, stiff ; cong, cứng đơ
arthr/o
joint; khớp xương
chondr/i, chondr/o
cartilage; sụn
cost/o
rib; xương sườn
crani/o
skull; thuộc sọ
-desis
to bind, tie together. cuột lại, buộc lại với nhau
kyph/o
bent, hump; gò, gù, cong
lord/o
curve, swayback, bent; cong, cong ngược lại
-lysis
loosening or setting free; lõng, làm tự do
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow; dây cột sống, tủy xương
oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
bone; xương
scoli/o
curved, bent
spondyl/o
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone; đốt xương, cột sống,
synovi/o, synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid; màng hoạt dịch, nước hoạt dịch.
-um
singular noun ending
Ossification
the normal process of bone formation; quá trình hình thành xương bình thường.
Periosteum
is the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone (peri- means surrounding, oste means bone, and -um is a noun ending). Màng xương.
Compact Bone
also known as coritcal bone, is the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones.
Phần cứng, dầy ngoài xương.
Spongy bone
also known as cancellous bone, is lighter and not as strong as compact bone. This type of bone is commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones such as the femur. Red bone marrow is located within this spongy bone.
Medullary Cavity
is the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone. It is here that red and yellow bone marrow are stored. Medullary means pertaining to the inner section.
Endosteum
Is the tissue that lines the medullary cavity (end-means within, oste means bone, and -um is a nound ending)
Red bone marrow
which is located within the spongy bone, is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes.
Hemopoietic
Means pertaining to the formation of blood cells (hem/o means blood, and -poietic means pertaining to formation). This term is also spelled hematopoietic.
Cartilage
is the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. Cartilage, which is more elastic than bone, also makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton such as the outer ear and the tip of the nose.
Articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints. This cartilage makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other.
Meniscus
is the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.
Diaphysis
is the shaft of a long bone.
Epiphyses
are the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs (singular epiphysis). Each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage to protect it. the distal epiphysis is the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body.
Foramen
is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass (plural, foramina). For example, the spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone at the base of the skull.
Process
is a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon. For example, the mastoid process is the bony projection located on temporal bones just behind the ears.
Joints
which are also known as articulations, are the place of union between two ore more bones. Joints are classified either according to their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow.
Fibrous Joints
consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. In adults these joints, which are also known as sutures, do not allow any movement. In newborns and very young children, some fibrous joints are movable before they have solidified.
Fontanelles
also known as the soft spots, are normally present on the skull of a newborn. These flexible soft spots facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. They also allow for the growth of the skull during the first year. As the child matures, and the sutures close, the fontanelles gradually harden.
Cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. For example: where the ribs connect to the sternum. the pubic symphysis.
The Pubic symphysis
allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. This joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis.
Synovial joint
is created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions. As used here, the term articulate means to come together. These joints are also described based on their type of motion.
- Ball-and-socket joints, such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions.
- Hing joints, such as the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane.
Synovial capsule
is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint.
The synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
Synovial Fluid
which flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible.
Ligaments
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting the one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage. Complex hinge joints, such as the knee is made up of a series of ligaments that permit movement in different directions.
A Bursa
is a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone (plural, bursae).
The Axial Skeleton
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. In the human, the axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones of the head and body that are organized into five parts. These are (1) the bones of the skull, (2) the ossicles (bones) of the middle ear, (3) the hypoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid, (4) the rib cage, and (5) the vertebral column.
The Appendicular Skeleton
Makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. In human, the appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones that are organized into: (1) the upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) and (2) the lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet).
An Appendage
Is anything that is attached to a major part of the body and the term appendicular means referring to an appendage.
An Extremity
is the terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg.
The Skull
Consists of the 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear.
Cranium
Which is made up of the following eight bones, is that portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain (crani means skull, and -um is a noun ending). These cranial bones are joined by jagged fibrous joints that are often referred to as sutures.
-Frontal bone, Parietal bones, Occipital bone, two Temporal bones, External auditory meatus, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone.
Frontal bone
is the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead. This bone houses the frontal sinuses and forms the roof of the ethmoid sinuses, the nose and part of the socket that protects the eyeball.
Parietal Bones
are two of the largest bones of the skull. Together they form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium.
Occipital Bone
forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium.
The two Temporal bones
form the sides and base of the cranium.
External Auditory Meatus
is the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. This canal is located within the temporal bone on each side of the skull. A meatus is the external opening of a canal.
Sphenoid bone
is an irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull. This bone makes contact with all of the other cranial bones and helps form the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors and sides of the eye sockets.
Ethmoid Bone
is light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose. Here it separates the nasal cavity from the brain, and it also forms a portion of each orbit. An orbit is the bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball.
Auditory Ossicles
Are the three tine bones located in each middle ear. These bones, known as the malleus, incus, and stapes.
The two Nasal Bones
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose.
The two Zygomatic bones
also known as the cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead. The term articulate means to joins together with.
The two Maxillary Bones
form most of the upper jaw (singular, maxilla). These bones are also known as the maxillae.
The two Palatine Bones
Form the anterior (front) part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose.
The two Lacrimal Bones
Make up part of the orbit (socket of the eyes) at the inner angle.
The two Inferior Conchae
are the thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose (singular, concha).
Vomer Bone
forms the base of the nasal septum. The nasal septum is the cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities.
Mandible
also known as the jawbone, is the only movable bone of the skull. The mandible is attached to the skull at the temporomandibular joint.
Thoracic Cavity
also known as the rib cage, is the bony structure that protects the hearts and lungs. It consist of the ribs, sternum, and the upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms.
12 pairs of ribs
Which are also known as costals, attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. (cost means rib, and -al means pertaining to).
- First seven ribs are: True ribs.
- Next three are called false ribs.
- The last two are called floating ribs.
Sternum
which is also known as the breast bone, is a flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest. By joining with the ribs, it forms the front of the rib cage. The parts of the sternum are: The manubrium, the body of the sternum, and the xiphoid process.
The Manubrium
is the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum.
The Body of the Sternum
is the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum.
The Xiphoid Process
is the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum.
Pectoral Girdle
supports the arms and hands. This is also known as the shoulder girdle. As used here, the term girdle refers to a structure that encircles the body.
The Clavicle
also known as the collar bone, is a slender bonde that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula.
The Scapula
is also known as the shoulder blade.
The acromion
is an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder.
The Humerus
is the bone of the upper arm (plural, humeri).
The Radius
is the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. The radius run up the thumb side of the forearm (plural, radius bones).
The Ulna
is the larger and longer bone of the forearm (plural, ulnae). The proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint.
Olecranon Process
commonly known as the funny bone, is the large projection on the upper end of the ulna. This forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck.
Carpals
Are the bones that form the wrist (singular, carpal). These bones form a narrow bony passage known as the carpal tunnel. The median nerve and the tendons of the fingers pass through this tunneled to reach the hand.
Metacarpals
are the five bones that form the palms of the hand.
The Phalanges
are the 14 bones of the fingers (singular, phalanx). The bones of the toes are also known as phalanges.
- each of the four fingers has three bones. These are the distal (outermost), middle, and proximal (nearest the hand) phalanges.
- The thumb has two bones. These are the distal and proximal phalanges.
Spinal Column
which is also known as the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body. The spinal column consists of 26 vertebrae. Each of these bony units is known as a vertebra, and the term vertebral means pertaining to the vertebrae.
Body of the Vertebra
the anterior portion of the vertebra is solid to provide strength.
Lamina
The posterior of a vertebra. The transverse and spinous processes extend from this area and serve as attachments for muscles and tendons.
Vertebral Foramen
is the opening in the middle of the vertebra. This opening allows the spinal cord to pass through and to protect the spinal cord.
Cervical Vertebrae
are the first set of 7 vertebrae, and they form the neck. The term cervical means pertaining to the neck, and these vertebrae are also known as C1 through C7
Thoracic Vertebrae
known as T1 through T12, are second set of 12 vertebrae.
- Each of these vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it, and together they form the outward curve of the spine.
the Lumbar Vertebrae
Known as L1 through L5, make up the third set of 5 vertebrae, and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine. These are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae, and they bear most of the body’s weight. Lumbar means relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis.
the Sacrum
is slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back. At birth, the sacrum is composed of five separate bones; however in the young child, they fuse together to form a single bone.
the Coccyx
which is also known as the tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together.
Pelvic Girdle
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities. It is commonly known s the pelvis or hips. The pelvis is a cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk, and it consists of the ilium. ischium, and pubis.
Ilium
is broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone.
Sacroiliac
is the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium. (sacr/o means sacrum, ili means ilium, and -ac means pertaining to).
Ischium
which forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting.
Pubis
which forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, is located just below the urinary bladder.
Pubic bones
left and right. which are held securely together by the pubic symphysis. At birth the ilium, ischium, and pubis are three separate bones. As child matures, these bone fuse to form the left and right pubic bones.
Pubic Symphysis
is the cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones. A cartilaginous joint allows slightly movement between bones.
te Acetabulum
also known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
Femurs
are the largest bones int eh body. Femoral means pertaining to the femur.\
- These bones are also know as thigh bones.
- the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket).
- The femoral neck is the narrow area just below the head of the femur.
the Patella
also known as the kneecap, is the bony anterior portion of the knee.
Popliteal
Describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this join are located.
Cruciate ligaments
make possible the movements of the knee. These are known as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments because they are shaped like a cross.
Tibia
also known as the shinbone, is the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
fibula
is the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg.
Ankles
are joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible.
- Each ankle is made up of seven short tarsal bones. These bones are similar to the bones of the wrists; however, they are much larger in size.
Malleolus
is rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint (plural, malleoli).
Talus
is the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula.
The calcaneus
also known as the heel bone, is the largest of the tarsal bones.
the five Metatarsals
those form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached.
Phalanges
are the bones of the toes. the great toe has two phalanges. Each of the other the toes has three phalanges. The bones of the fingers are also called phalanges.
Chiropractor
holds a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine. Manipulative treatment involves manually adjusting the position of the bones.
Orthopedic Surgeon
also known as an orthopedist, is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles.
Osteopath
holds a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation (oste/o means bone, and -path means disease). This type of medical practice is known as osteopathy; however, the term is also used to mean any bone disease.
Podiatrist
Holds a Doctor of Podiatry (DP) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot (pod means foot, and - iatrist means specialist).
Rheumatologist
is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues.
ankylosis
is the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure (ankyl mean crooked, bent, or stiff, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). Mobility means being capable of movement.
Arthrosclerosis
is stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly (arthr/o means joint, and -sclerosis means abnormal hardening).
Bursitis
is an inflammation of a bursa (burs means bursa, and -itis means inflammation).
Chondromalacia
is abnormal softening of cartilage (chondr/o means cartilage, and -malacia means abnormal softening).
Chondroma
is a slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells (chondr means cartilage, and -oma means tumor).
Costochondritis
is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum (cost/o means rib, chondr means cartilage, and -itis means inflammation).
