Chapter 3 The Skeletal System Flashcards
ankyl/o
crooked, bent, stiff ; cong, cứng đơ
arthr/o
joint; khớp xương
chondr/i, chondr/o
cartilage; sụn
cost/o
rib; xương sườn
crani/o
skull; thuộc sọ
-desis
to bind, tie together. cuột lại, buộc lại với nhau
kyph/o
bent, hump; gò, gù, cong
lord/o
curve, swayback, bent; cong, cong ngược lại
-lysis
loosening or setting free; lõng, làm tự do
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow; dây cột sống, tủy xương
oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
bone; xương
scoli/o
curved, bent
spondyl/o
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone; đốt xương, cột sống,
synovi/o, synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid; màng hoạt dịch, nước hoạt dịch.
-um
singular noun ending
Ossification
the normal process of bone formation; quá trình hình thành xương bình thường.
Periosteum
is the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone (peri- means surrounding, oste means bone, and -um is a noun ending). Màng xương.
Compact Bone
also known as coritcal bone, is the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones.
Phần cứng, dầy ngoài xương.
Spongy bone
also known as cancellous bone, is lighter and not as strong as compact bone. This type of bone is commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones such as the femur. Red bone marrow is located within this spongy bone.
Medullary Cavity
is the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone. It is here that red and yellow bone marrow are stored. Medullary means pertaining to the inner section.
Endosteum
Is the tissue that lines the medullary cavity (end-means within, oste means bone, and -um is a nound ending)
Red bone marrow
which is located within the spongy bone, is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes.
Hemopoietic
Means pertaining to the formation of blood cells (hem/o means blood, and -poietic means pertaining to formation). This term is also spelled hematopoietic.
Cartilage
is the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. Cartilage, which is more elastic than bone, also makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton such as the outer ear and the tip of the nose.
Articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints. This cartilage makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other.
Meniscus
is the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.
Diaphysis
is the shaft of a long bone.
Epiphyses
are the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs (singular epiphysis). Each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage to protect it. the distal epiphysis is the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body.
Foramen
is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass (plural, foramina). For example, the spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone at the base of the skull.
Process
is a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon. For example, the mastoid process is the bony projection located on temporal bones just behind the ears.
Joints
which are also known as articulations, are the place of union between two ore more bones. Joints are classified either according to their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow.
Fibrous Joints
consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. In adults these joints, which are also known as sutures, do not allow any movement. In newborns and very young children, some fibrous joints are movable before they have solidified.
Fontanelles
also known as the soft spots, are normally present on the skull of a newborn. These flexible soft spots facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. They also allow for the growth of the skull during the first year. As the child matures, and the sutures close, the fontanelles gradually harden.
Cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. For example: where the ribs connect to the sternum. the pubic symphysis.
The Pubic symphysis
allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. This joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis.
Synovial joint
is created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions. As used here, the term articulate means to come together. These joints are also described based on their type of motion.
- Ball-and-socket joints, such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions.
- Hing joints, such as the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane.
Synovial capsule
is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint.
The synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
Synovial Fluid
which flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible.
Ligaments
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting the one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage. Complex hinge joints, such as the knee is made up of a series of ligaments that permit movement in different directions.
A Bursa
is a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone (plural, bursae).
The Axial Skeleton
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. In the human, the axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones of the head and body that are organized into five parts. These are (1) the bones of the skull, (2) the ossicles (bones) of the middle ear, (3) the hypoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid, (4) the rib cage, and (5) the vertebral column.
The Appendicular Skeleton
Makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. In human, the appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones that are organized into: (1) the upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) and (2) the lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet).
An Appendage
Is anything that is attached to a major part of the body and the term appendicular means referring to an appendage.
An Extremity
is the terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg.
The Skull
Consists of the 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear.
Cranium
Which is made up of the following eight bones, is that portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain (crani means skull, and -um is a noun ending). These cranial bones are joined by jagged fibrous joints that are often referred to as sutures.
-Frontal bone, Parietal bones, Occipital bone, two Temporal bones, External auditory meatus, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone.
Frontal bone
is the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead. This bone houses the frontal sinuses and forms the roof of the ethmoid sinuses, the nose and part of the socket that protects the eyeball.
