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MT 1 > Chapter 4- The Musclar System > Flashcards

Chapter 4- The Musclar System Flashcards

0
Q

Generates nearly 85% of the heat that keeps the body warm

A

Muscle movement

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1
Q

Hold the body erect and make movement possible

A

Body

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2
Q

Move food through the digestive system

A

Muscles

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3
Q

Movement such as walking, aid the flow of blood through veins as it returns to the heart

A

Muscle

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4
Q

Action moves fluids through the ducts and tubes associated with other body systems

A

Muscle

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5
Q

The _________ has more than 600 muscles, which make up about 40-45% of the body’s weight.

A

Body

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6
Q

____________ _____________ are made up of fibers that are covered with fascia and are attached to bones by tendons

A

Skeletal muscles

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7
Q

____________ __________ are the long, slender cells that make up muscles. Each muscle consists of a group of fibers that are bound together by connective tissue.

A

Muscle fibers

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8
Q

Band of connective tissue that envelopes, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles.

A

Fascia

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9
Q

Flexible to allow muscle movement. (Thin film on chicken)

A

Fascia

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10
Q

Pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia.

A

Myofascial

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11
Q

Muscle

A

my/o

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12
Q

Fascia

A

fasci

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13
Q

Pertaining to

A

-al

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14
Q

Is a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. (Do NOT confuse _________ with ligaments, which are bands of fibrous tissue that form by connecting one bone to another bone)

A

Tendon

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15
Q

A sheet-like fibrous connective tissue, which resembles a flattened tendon that serves as a fascia to bind muscles together or as a means of connecting muscle to bone.

A

Aponeurosis

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16
Q

Attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible

A

Skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Skeletal muscles are also known as ________ _________, because we have conscious (voluntary) control over these muscles

A

Voluntary muscles

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18
Q

Skeletal muscles are also known as ___________ ____________ because under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance.

A

Striated muscles

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19
Q

Striped

A

Striated

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20
Q

Located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands.

A

Smooth muscles

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21
Q

Smooth muscles are also known as ____________ _____________ because they are under the control of the autonomic nervous system and are not under voluntary control.

A

Involuntary muscles

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22
Q

Smooth muscles are also known as ___________ ____________. This is because they do not have the dark and light bands that produce the striped appearance seen in striated muscles.

A

Unstriated muscles

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23
Q

Smooth muscles are also known as ____________ _____________ because they are found in hollow structures such as those of the digestive and urinary systems. These muscles are found in large internal organs, with the exception of the heart.

A

Visceral muscles

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24
Q

Relating to the internal organs

A

Visceral

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25
Q

(Combo muscles) also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle, form the muscular walls of the heart.

A

Myocardial muscles

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26
Q

Heart

A

cardi

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27
Q

_____________ ____________ is like striated skeletal muscle in appearance but is similar to smooth muscle in that it’s action is involuntary.

A

Myocardial muscle

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28
Q

Stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. Motor nerves enable the brain to stimulate a muscle or contract. When the stimulation stops, the muscle relaxes. This information controls the body’s voluntary muscular contractions. If the nerve impulse is disrupted due to an injury or disease, the muscle is unable to function properly.

A

Muscle innervstion

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29
Q

Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle

A

Neuromuscular

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30
Q

Nerve

A

neur/o

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31
Q

Muscle

A

muscu

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32
Q

Pertaining to

A

-ar

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33
Q

All muscles are arranged in ___________ ___________.

A

Antagonistic pairs

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34
Q

Refers to working in opposition to each other.

A

Antagonistic

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35
Q

Tightening of a muscle

A

Contraction

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36
Q

Occurs when a muscle returns to its original form

A

Relaxation

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37
Q

(Jumping jacks), is the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body.

A

Abduction

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38
Q

Lead

A

duct

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39
Q

Away from

A

ab-

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40
Q

Action

A

-ion

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41
Q

Muscle that moves a body part away from the midline.

A

Abductor

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42
Q

Movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body.

A

Adduction

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43
Q

Toward

A

ad-

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44
Q

Muscle that moves a body part toward the midline.

A

Adductor

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45
Q

Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint.

A

Flexion

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46
Q

Bend

A

flex

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47
Q

Bends a limb at a joint

A

Flexor muscle

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48
Q

Increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb

A

Extension

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49
Q

Away from

A

-ex

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50
Q

Stretch out

A

tens

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51
Q

Straightens a limb at a joint

A

Extensor muscle

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52
Q

Is the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit. (Whip lash)

A

Hyperextension

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53
Q

Is the act of raising or lifting a body part. (Elevator)

A

Elevation

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54
Q

Muscles of the face raises the corners of the mouth into smile.

A

Levator anguli oris

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55
Q

Muscle that raises a body part.

A

Levator

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56
Q

The act of lowering a body part.

A

Depression

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57
Q

Lowers the corner or the mouth into a frown.

A

Depressor anguli oris

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58
Q

Muscle that lowers a body part

A

Depressor

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59
Q

Circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint.

A

Rotation

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60
Q

An imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body, and rotation turns a bone on its own ______.

A

Axis

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61
Q

The circular movement at the far end of a limb. (Swinging motion of the far end of the arm, softball pitch)

A

Circumduction

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62
Q

Turns a body part on its axis

A

Rotator muscle

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63
Q

The head of the __________, which is the bone of the upper arm, rotates within the shoulder joint.

A

Humerus

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64
Q

Group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint.

A

Rotator cuff

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65
Q

Is the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward.

A

Supination

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66
Q

Is the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.

A

Pronation

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67
Q

Is the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.

A

Dorsiflextion

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68
Q

Is the moment that bends the foot downward at the ankle.

A

Plantar Flexion

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69
Q

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

A

Plantar

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70
Q

Where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton.

A

Origin

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71
Q

Is where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. In contrast to the origin, the insertion is the more moveable attachment, and it is the farthest point from the midline of the body.

A

Insertion

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72
Q

Helps bend the neck and rotate the head

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

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73
Q

Breastbone

A

stern/o

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74
Q

Collar bone

A

cleid/o

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75
Q

Muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process.

A

Mastoid

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76
Q

___________ muscles and ____________ muscles are the pair of muscles that make flexion (bending) and extension (straightening) of the wrist possible.

A

Flexor carpi muscles and extensor carpi muscles

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77
Q

Wrist or wrist bones

A

Carpi

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78
Q

A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall

A

Pectoralis major

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79
Q

Relating to the chest

A

Pectoral

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80
Q

Towards the side

A

Lateralis

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81
Q

Toward the midline

A

Medialis

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82
Q

Slanted or at an angle

A

Oblique

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83
Q

In straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body

A

Rectus

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84
Q

Ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

A

Sphincter

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85
Q

Crosswise direction

A

Transverse

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86
Q

Also known as biceps, formed from two divisions

A

Biceps brachii

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87
Q

Also known as triceps, is formed from three divisions

A

Triceps brachii

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88
Q

Two

A

bi-

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89
Q

Head

A

-ceps

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90
Q

Three

A

tri-

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91
Q

The largest muscle of the buttock

A

Gluteus Maximus

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92
Q

Located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle, which is the Greek letter delta

A

Deltoid muscle

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93
Q

Located on the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranous muscles. Primary functions: knee flexion and hip extension

A

Hamstring group

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94
Q

Muscles in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows

A

Frontalis

95
Q

Muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth

A

Temporalis

96
Q

The strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing

A

Masseter

97
Q

Muscle moves the head and shoulder blade

A

Trapezius

98
Q

Made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee

A

Quadriceps femoris

99
Q

Specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical test to promote physical fitness

A

Exercise physiologist

100
Q

Physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function

A

Neurologist

101
Q

Physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function

A

Physiatrist

102
Q

Treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles

A

Sports medicine physician

103
Q

Inflammation of a fascia

A

Fasciitis

104
Q

Debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue

A

Fibromyalgia syndrome

105
Q

Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

A

Tenosynovitis

106
Q

Tendon

A

ten/o

107
Q

Synovial membrane

A

synov

108
Q

Inflammation

A

-itis

109
Q

Inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

A

Tendinitis

110
Q

Tendon

A

tendin

111
Q

Band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally. These can form in muscles or in internal organs, as the result of an injury or surgery.

A

Adhesion

112
Q

______________ refers to adhesions forming in the capsule of connective tissue in the shoulder, tightening around the shoulder joint

A

Frozen shoulder

113
Q

Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures. ____________ of a muscle or muscles can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time.

A

Atrophy

114
Q

Tenderness or pain in the muscles

A

Myalgia

115
Q

Muscle

A

my

116
Q

Pain

A

-algia

117
Q

Herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it

A

Myocele

118
Q

Hernia

A

-cele

119
Q

Protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it

A

Hernia

120
Q

Degeneration of muscle tissue

A

Myolysis

121
Q

Destruction or breaking down in disease

A

-lysis

122
Q

Rupture or tearing of a muscle

A

Myorrhexis

123
Q

Rupture

A

-rrhexis

124
Q

Muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

A

Polymyositis

125
Q

Many

A

poly-

126
Q

Muscle

A

myos

127
Q

Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging

A

Sarcopenia

128
Q

Flesh

A

sarc/o

129
Q

Deficiency

A

-penia

130
Q

State of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible

A

Muscle tone

131
Q

Lacking normal muscle tone or strength

A

Atonic

132
Q

Without

A

a-

133
Q

Tone

A

ton

134
Q

Pertaining to

A

-ic

135
Q

Condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

A

Dystonia

136
Q

Bad

A

dys-

137
Q

Condition

A

-is

138
Q

Condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

A

Hypotonia

139
Q

Deficient

A

hypo-

140
Q

Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

A

Ataxia

141
Q

Coordination

A

tax

142
Q

Permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

A

Contracture

143
Q

Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

A

Intermittent claudication

144
Q

Coming and going at intervals

A

Intermittent

145
Q

Limping

A

Claudication

146
Q

A sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles. Also know as a charley horse.

A

Spasm

147
Q

Painful localized muscle spam often named for its cause, such as menstrual cramps or writer’s cramp

A

Cramp

148
Q

Also known as wryneck, is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

A

Spasmodic torticollis

149
Q

Extreme slowness in movement

A

Bradykinesia

150
Q

Slow

A

brady-

151
Q

Movement

A

kines

152
Q

Is the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as a tic or spasm

A

Dyskinesia

153
Q

Abnormally increased muscle function or activity

A

Hyperkinesia

154
Q

Excessive

A

hyper-

155
Q

The sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

A

Myoclonus

156
Q

Violent action

A

clon

157
Q

Singular noun ending

A

-us

158
Q

Jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep

A

Nocturnal myoclonus

159
Q

Also known as the hiccups, is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm

A

Singultus

160
Q

Chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction (where the neuron activities muscle to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. Muscles that control eye movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often affected by this condition.

A

Myasthenia gravis

161
Q

Weakness or lack of strength

A

-asthenia

162
Q

Describes a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.

A

Muscular dystrophy

163
Q

Plural form of muscular dystrophy

A

Muscular dystrophies

164
Q

Common form of muscular dystrophy in children. Thin condition affects primarily in boys with onset between the ages of 3 and 5 years. The disorder progresses rapidly so that most of these boys are unable to walk by age 12 and later need a respirator to breathe.

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

165
Q

This is very similar to, but less severe than, Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

A

Becker muscular dystrophy

166
Q

A variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions preformed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports.

A

Repetitive stress disorders

167
Q

This occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

A

Impingement syndrome

168
Q

Inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff

A

Rotator cuff tendinitis

169
Q

Develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues

A

Ruptured rotator cuff

170
Q

Symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

171
Q

Surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves

A

Carpal tunnel release

172
Q

Harmless fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.

A

Ganglion cyst

173
Q

Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

A

Epicondylitis

174
Q

On

A

epi-

175
Q

Condyle

A

condyl

176
Q

Also known as tennis elbow, is characterized by pain on the outer side of the forearm.

A

Lateral epicondylitis

177
Q

Also known as golfer’s elbow, is characterized by pain on the palm-side of the forearm

A

Medial epicondylitis

178
Q

Is an injury to a joint, such as an ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn

A

Sprain

179
Q

Is an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon

A

Strain

180
Q

Is a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone)

A

Shin splint

181
Q

Can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee

A

Hamstring injury

182
Q

Painful inflammation of the Achilles’ tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon

A

Achilles tendinitis

183
Q

Is an overuse injury. The iliotibial band runs from the hip bone, diagonally across the leg to the tibia. ITBS is caused by this band rubbing against bone, often in the area of the knee.

A

Iliotibial band syndrome

184
Q

Determined by the level of the vertebrae closest to the injury. The higher the on the spinal cord the injury occurs, the greater the area of the body that may be affected.

A

Spinal cord injury (SCI)

185
Q

This occurs when a vertebrae is broken and a piece of the broken bone is pressing into the the spinal cord.

A

Injury

186
Q

When the __________ _________ is injured, the ability of the brain to communicate with the body below the level of the injury may be reduced or lost together.

A

Spinal cord

187
Q

The person has some function below the level of the injury, even though that function isn’t normal

A

Incomplete injury

188
Q

There is complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury; however, a complete injury does not mean that there is no hope of any improvement.

A

Complete injury

189
Q

The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply. Damage can be either temporary or permanent.

A

Paralysis

190
Q

Weakness or slight muscular paralysis

A

Myoparesis

191
Q

Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body

A

Hemiparesis

192
Q

Partial or incomplete paralysis

A

-paresis

193
Q

Half

A

hemi-

194
Q

Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body. (Stroke or brain damage). Damage to one side of the brain causes paralysis on the opposite side of the body.

A

Hemiplegia

195
Q

Paralysis

A

-plegia

196
Q

Individual affected with hemiplegia is known as

A

Hemiplegic

197
Q

Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.

A

Paraplegia

198
Q

Individual affected with paraplegia is known as

A

Paraplegic

199
Q

Paralysis of all four extremities

A

Quadriplegia

200
Q

Four

A

quadr/i

201
Q

Individual affected with quadriplegia is known as

A

Quadriplegic

202
Q

Paralysis of heart muscles. Although this can be caused by a direct mole or trauma, it is more commonly induced intentionally to perform complicated surgery.

A

Cardioplegia

203
Q

Heart

A

cardi/o

204
Q

Tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon.

A

Deep tendon reflexes

205
Q

Involuntary response to a stimulus.

A

Reflex

206
Q

Diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength

A

Range-of-motion testing

207
Q

Diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

A

Electromyography

208
Q

Electricity

A

electr/o

209
Q

Process of producing a picture or record

A

-graphy

210
Q

The resulting record is called ___________

A

Electromyogram

211
Q

Involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination. A biopsy needle is commonly used to obtain this specimen, which is later used for examination.

A

Muscle biopsy

212
Q

Administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder.

A

Antispasmodic

213
Q

Administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries

A

Skeletal muscle relaxant

214
Q

Drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles. These drugs are used as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery to chase skeletal muscles to relax.

A

Neuromuscular blocker

215
Q

Study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment. Usually applied to the design of equipment and workspaces, with the goal of reducing injuries, strain, and stress.

A

Ergonomics

216
Q

Specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia syndrome, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), and carpal tunnel syndrome.

A

Myofascial release

217
Q

Consist of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living (ADL), which include grooming, eating, and dressing.

A

Occupational therapy

218
Q

Treatment to prevent disability or restore function rough the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques.

A

Physical therapy

219
Q

Uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles

A

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

220
Q

Rest and ice are recommended for the first few days after the injury to ease pain. Compression, such as wrapping with a stretch bandage, and elevation help minimize swelling. After the first few days, as the pain decreases, using heat, accompanied by stretching and light exercises, helps bring blood to the injured area to speed healing.

A

RICE

221
Q

Surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure

A

Fasciotomy

222
Q

Fascia

A

fasci

223
Q

Surgical incision

A

-otomy

224
Q

Surgical repair of a fascia

A

Fascioplasty

225
Q

Surgical repair

A

-plasty

226
Q

Surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

A

Tendodesis

227
Q

Tendon

A

ten/o

228
Q

Bind or tie together

A

-desis

229
Q

Release of a tendon from adhesions

A

Tenolysis

230
Q

Set free

A

-lysis

231
Q

Surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon

A

Tennorraphy

232
Q

Surgical suturing

A

-rrahphy

233
Q

Surgical suturing a muscle

A

Myorrahpy

234
Q

Surgical incision into a muscle

A

Myotomy

MT 1 (2 decks)

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