Chapter 4- The Musclar System Flashcards
Generates nearly 85% of the heat that keeps the body warm
Muscle movement
Hold the body erect and make movement possible
Body
Move food through the digestive system
Muscles
Movement such as walking, aid the flow of blood through veins as it returns to the heart
Muscle
Action moves fluids through the ducts and tubes associated with other body systems
Muscle
The _________ has more than 600 muscles, which make up about 40-45% of the body’s weight.
Body
____________ _____________ are made up of fibers that are covered with fascia and are attached to bones by tendons
Skeletal muscles
____________ __________ are the long, slender cells that make up muscles. Each muscle consists of a group of fibers that are bound together by connective tissue.
Muscle fibers
Band of connective tissue that envelopes, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles.
Fascia
Flexible to allow muscle movement. (Thin film on chicken)
Fascia
Pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia.
Myofascial
Muscle
my/o
Fascia
fasci
Pertaining to
-al
Is a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. (Do NOT confuse _________ with ligaments, which are bands of fibrous tissue that form by connecting one bone to another bone)
Tendon
A sheet-like fibrous connective tissue, which resembles a flattened tendon that serves as a fascia to bind muscles together or as a means of connecting muscle to bone.
Aponeurosis
Attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
Skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles are also known as ________ _________, because we have conscious (voluntary) control over these muscles
Voluntary muscles
Skeletal muscles are also known as ___________ ____________ because under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance.
Striated muscles
Striped
Striated
Located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands.
Smooth muscles
Smooth muscles are also known as ____________ _____________ because they are under the control of the autonomic nervous system and are not under voluntary control.
Involuntary muscles
Smooth muscles are also known as ___________ ____________. This is because they do not have the dark and light bands that produce the striped appearance seen in striated muscles.
Unstriated muscles
Smooth muscles are also known as ____________ _____________ because they are found in hollow structures such as those of the digestive and urinary systems. These muscles are found in large internal organs, with the exception of the heart.
Visceral muscles
Relating to the internal organs
Visceral
(Combo muscles) also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle, form the muscular walls of the heart.
Myocardial muscles
Heart
cardi
_____________ ____________ is like striated skeletal muscle in appearance but is similar to smooth muscle in that it’s action is involuntary.
Myocardial muscle
Stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. Motor nerves enable the brain to stimulate a muscle or contract. When the stimulation stops, the muscle relaxes. This information controls the body’s voluntary muscular contractions. If the nerve impulse is disrupted due to an injury or disease, the muscle is unable to function properly.
Muscle innervstion
Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
Neuromuscular
Nerve
neur/o
Muscle
muscu
Pertaining to
-ar
All muscles are arranged in ___________ ___________.
Antagonistic pairs
Refers to working in opposition to each other.
Antagonistic
Tightening of a muscle
Contraction
Occurs when a muscle returns to its original form
Relaxation
(Jumping jacks), is the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body.
Abduction
Lead
duct
Away from
ab-
Action
-ion
Muscle that moves a body part away from the midline.
Abductor
Movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body.
Adduction
Toward
ad-
Muscle that moves a body part toward the midline.
Adductor
Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint.
Flexion
Bend
flex
Bends a limb at a joint
Flexor muscle
Increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
Extension
Away from
-ex
Stretch out
tens
Straightens a limb at a joint
Extensor muscle
Is the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit. (Whip lash)
Hyperextension
Is the act of raising or lifting a body part. (Elevator)
Elevation
Muscles of the face raises the corners of the mouth into smile.
Levator anguli oris
Muscle that raises a body part.
Levator
The act of lowering a body part.
Depression
Lowers the corner or the mouth into a frown.
Depressor anguli oris
Muscle that lowers a body part
Depressor
Circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint.
Rotation
An imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body, and rotation turns a bone on its own ______.
Axis
The circular movement at the far end of a limb. (Swinging motion of the far end of the arm, softball pitch)
Circumduction
Turns a body part on its axis
Rotator muscle
The head of the __________, which is the bone of the upper arm, rotates within the shoulder joint.
Humerus
Group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint.
Rotator cuff
Is the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward.
Supination
Is the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.
Pronation
Is the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.
Dorsiflextion
Is the moment that bends the foot downward at the ankle.
Plantar Flexion
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
Plantar
Where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton.
Origin
Is where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. In contrast to the origin, the insertion is the more moveable attachment, and it is the farthest point from the midline of the body.
Insertion
Helps bend the neck and rotate the head
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Breastbone
stern/o
Collar bone
cleid/o
Muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process.
Mastoid
___________ muscles and ____________ muscles are the pair of muscles that make flexion (bending) and extension (straightening) of the wrist possible.
Flexor carpi muscles and extensor carpi muscles
Wrist or wrist bones
Carpi
A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
Pectoralis major
Relating to the chest
Pectoral
Towards the side
Lateralis
Toward the midline
Medialis
Slanted or at an angle
Oblique
In straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
Rectus
Ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
Sphincter
Crosswise direction
Transverse
Also known as biceps, formed from two divisions
Biceps brachii
Also known as triceps, is formed from three divisions
Triceps brachii
Two
bi-
Head
-ceps
Three
tri-
The largest muscle of the buttock
Gluteus Maximus
Located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle, which is the Greek letter delta
Deltoid muscle
Located on the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranous muscles. Primary functions: knee flexion and hip extension
Hamstring group
Muscles in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows
Frontalis
Muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
Temporalis
The strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
Masseter
Muscle moves the head and shoulder blade
Trapezius
Made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee
Quadriceps femoris
Specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical test to promote physical fitness
Exercise physiologist
Physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
Neurologist
Physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
Physiatrist
Treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
Sports medicine physician
Inflammation of a fascia
Fasciitis
Debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue
Fibromyalgia syndrome
Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
Tenosynovitis
Tendon
ten/o
Synovial membrane
synov
Inflammation
-itis
Inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
Tendinitis
Tendon
tendin
Band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally. These can form in muscles or in internal organs, as the result of an injury or surgery.
Adhesion
______________ refers to adhesions forming in the capsule of connective tissue in the shoulder, tightening around the shoulder joint
Frozen shoulder
Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures. ____________ of a muscle or muscles can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time.
Atrophy
Tenderness or pain in the muscles
Myalgia
Muscle
my
Pain
-algia
Herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
Myocele
Hernia
-cele
Protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
Hernia
Degeneration of muscle tissue
Myolysis
Destruction or breaking down in disease
-lysis
Rupture or tearing of a muscle
Myorrhexis
Rupture
-rrhexis
Muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
Polymyositis
Many
poly-
Muscle
myos
Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
Sarcopenia
Flesh
sarc/o
Deficiency
-penia
State of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
Muscle tone
Lacking normal muscle tone or strength
Atonic
Without
a-
Tone
ton
Pertaining to
-ic
Condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
Dystonia
Bad
dys-
Condition
-is
Condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
Hypotonia
Deficient
hypo-
Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
Ataxia
Coordination
tax
Permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
Contracture
Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
Intermittent claudication
Coming and going at intervals
Intermittent
Limping
Claudication
A sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles. Also know as a charley horse.
Spasm
Painful localized muscle spam often named for its cause, such as menstrual cramps or writer’s cramp
Cramp
Also known as wryneck, is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
Spasmodic torticollis
Extreme slowness in movement
Bradykinesia
Slow
brady-
Movement
kines
Is the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as a tic or spasm
Dyskinesia
Abnormally increased muscle function or activity
Hyperkinesia
Excessive
hyper-
The sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
Myoclonus
Violent action
clon
Singular noun ending
-us
Jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep
Nocturnal myoclonus
Also known as the hiccups, is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
Singultus
Chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction (where the neuron activities muscle to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. Muscles that control eye movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often affected by this condition.
Myasthenia gravis
Weakness or lack of strength
-asthenia
Describes a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.
Muscular dystrophy
Plural form of muscular dystrophy
Muscular dystrophies
Common form of muscular dystrophy in children. Thin condition affects primarily in boys with onset between the ages of 3 and 5 years. The disorder progresses rapidly so that most of these boys are unable to walk by age 12 and later need a respirator to breathe.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
This is very similar to, but less severe than, Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Becker muscular dystrophy
A variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions preformed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports.
Repetitive stress disorders
This occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
Impingement syndrome
Inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
Rotator cuff tendinitis
Develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues
Ruptured rotator cuff
Symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves
Carpal tunnel release
Harmless fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.
Ganglion cyst
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
Epicondylitis
On
epi-
Condyle
condyl
Also known as tennis elbow, is characterized by pain on the outer side of the forearm.
Lateral epicondylitis
Also known as golfer’s elbow, is characterized by pain on the palm-side of the forearm
Medial epicondylitis
Is an injury to a joint, such as an ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
Sprain
Is an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
Strain
Is a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone)
Shin splint
Can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee
Hamstring injury
Painful inflammation of the Achilles’ tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
Achilles tendinitis
Is an overuse injury. The iliotibial band runs from the hip bone, diagonally across the leg to the tibia. ITBS is caused by this band rubbing against bone, often in the area of the knee.
Iliotibial band syndrome
Determined by the level of the vertebrae closest to the injury. The higher the on the spinal cord the injury occurs, the greater the area of the body that may be affected.
Spinal cord injury (SCI)
This occurs when a vertebrae is broken and a piece of the broken bone is pressing into the the spinal cord.
Injury
When the __________ _________ is injured, the ability of the brain to communicate with the body below the level of the injury may be reduced or lost together.
Spinal cord
The person has some function below the level of the injury, even though that function isn’t normal
Incomplete injury
There is complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury; however, a complete injury does not mean that there is no hope of any improvement.
Complete injury
The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply. Damage can be either temporary or permanent.
Paralysis
Weakness or slight muscular paralysis
Myoparesis
Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
Hemiparesis
Partial or incomplete paralysis
-paresis
Half
hemi-
Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body. (Stroke or brain damage). Damage to one side of the brain causes paralysis on the opposite side of the body.
Hemiplegia
Paralysis
-plegia
Individual affected with hemiplegia is known as
Hemiplegic
Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.
Paraplegia
Individual affected with paraplegia is known as
Paraplegic
Paralysis of all four extremities
Quadriplegia
Four
quadr/i
Individual affected with quadriplegia is known as
Quadriplegic
Paralysis of heart muscles. Although this can be caused by a direct mole or trauma, it is more commonly induced intentionally to perform complicated surgery.
Cardioplegia
Heart
cardi/o
Tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon.
Deep tendon reflexes
Involuntary response to a stimulus.
Reflex
Diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
Range-of-motion testing
Diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
Electromyography
Electricity
electr/o
Process of producing a picture or record
-graphy
The resulting record is called ___________
Electromyogram
Involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination. A biopsy needle is commonly used to obtain this specimen, which is later used for examination.
Muscle biopsy
Administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder.
Antispasmodic
Administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles. These drugs are used as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery to chase skeletal muscles to relax.
Neuromuscular blocker
Study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment. Usually applied to the design of equipment and workspaces, with the goal of reducing injuries, strain, and stress.
Ergonomics
Specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia syndrome, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Myofascial release
Consist of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living (ADL), which include grooming, eating, and dressing.
Occupational therapy
Treatment to prevent disability or restore function rough the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques.
Physical therapy
Uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
Rest and ice are recommended for the first few days after the injury to ease pain. Compression, such as wrapping with a stretch bandage, and elevation help minimize swelling. After the first few days, as the pain decreases, using heat, accompanied by stretching and light exercises, helps bring blood to the injured area to speed healing.
RICE
Surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
Fasciotomy
Fascia
fasci
Surgical incision
-otomy
Surgical repair of a fascia
Fascioplasty
Surgical repair
-plasty
Surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
Tendodesis
Tendon
ten/o
Bind or tie together
-desis
Release of a tendon from adhesions
Tenolysis
Set free
-lysis
Surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
Tennorraphy
Surgical suturing
-rrahphy
Surgical suturing a muscle
Myorrahpy
Surgical incision into a muscle
Myotomy
