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A & P 1 > Chapter 4 - The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Cells

A

body cells, all cells in the body except gametes

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2
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells

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3
Q

3 major parts of cell

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

all parts of cells between plasma membrane and nucleus

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

intracellular fluid between plasma membrane and nucleus

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6
Q

Function of Cytosol

A
  • support organelles (cytoskeleton)

- storage depot (inclusions)

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7
Q

Inclusions

A

cellular products collected in cytosol consisting of metabolic products or substances that can be converted to energy

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8
Q

4 most common inclusions

A
  • Fat droplets (adipocyte)
  • Glycogen (stored in liver and muscle cells)
  • Melanin (melanocytes)
  • Hemoglobin (oxygen carrying compound in RBCs)
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9
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of interlocking filamentous proteins in cytosol

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10
Q

Types of Protein Filaments in Cytoskeleton

A
  • microfilaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
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11
Q

Microfilaments protein and motor molecule

A

actin

myosin

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12
Q

Functions of Microfilaments

A
  • shape and support plasma membrane
  • cell crawling (pseudopodia and microvilli)
  • moving cell vesicles
  • completing cell division
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13
Q

Microtubules protein and motor molecules

A
  • tubulin
  • kinesin (toward plus)
  • dynein (toward minus)
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14
Q

Function of Microtubules

A
  • position organelles
  • move cilia/flagella
  • facilitate cell reproduction
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15
Q

Centrosome

A

microtubule production center; enclose two centrioles

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16
Q

Centrioles

A

organelles with 9 triplets of microtubules; function unknown

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17
Q

Intermediate Filaments protein

A

keratin
no “endedness” so no motor molecules
Secondary level of complexity

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18
Q

Function of Intermediate Filaments

A
  • reinforce cell junctions
  • prevent cells pulling apart
  • component in hair and nails
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19
Q

Basal body

A

anchors cilium or flagellum to the cell cortex and directs assembly of microtubules

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20
Q

Organelles that Produce, Modify, or Package Molecules

A

Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Golgi Complex, Endoplasmic Reticulum

21
Q

Function of Ribosome

A

construction sites for synthesizing proteins

22
Q

Structure of Ribosome

A

one large (60s) and one small (40s) subunit; formed from union of ribosomal proteins and rRNA

23
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A
  • attach to surface of other organelles

- synthesized proteins leave the cell and function elsewhere (insulin)

24
Q

Free Ribosomes

A
  • move about in cytosol

- synthesized proteins remain inside cell and carry out cellular functions

25
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

synthesizes most of cell’s ATP along inner membrane

26
Q

Structure of Mitochondria

A

Two phospholipid bilayers (inner and outer); contains one circular double helix DNA molecule; contains protein synthesizing ribosomes (50s and 30s); divides through binary fission

27
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Theory that mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that were absorbed by cells

28
Q

Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

protein and lipid synthesis

29
Q

Structure of ER

A

Largest membranous organelle; membranous network extending from surface of nuclear membrane; rough and smooth ER

30
Q

Structure of Rough ER

A

continuous with nuclear membrane; wavy layers enclose cisternae where proteins modified and stored; ribosomes bound to membrane

31
Q

Function of Rough ER

A
  • Glycosylation - attach carbs to proteins to make glycoproteins
  • make proteins that cell exports
32
Q

Structure of Smooth ER

A

networks of tubules and sacs moving out from nucleus; lacks ribosomes

33
Q

Function of Smooth ER

A
  • construction site of phospholipids and cholesterol (lipids); detoxifies (hydrolysis of) alcohol and drugs; muscle cells store Ca(2+) ions
34
Q

Structure of Golgi Complex

A

cis face points at rough ER and receives ER’s transport vesicles; narrower trans face points at plasma membrane

35
Q

Function of Golgi Complex

A

processes and packages items for the cell; receives ER’s transport vesicles at cis face and synthesizes glycoproteins (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate); releases secretory vesicles and lysosomes at trans face

36
Q

Organelles that Transport and Digest Products

A 
Transport Vesicles
Secretory Vesicles
Endocytic Vesicles
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
37
Q

Vesicles

A

Small, spherical organelles that transport substances through cytoplasm; originate at certain organelles or plasma membrane

38
Q

Endomembrane System

A

ER, Golgi complex, and lysosomes interactions through vesicles to perform vital cellular function

39
Q

Secretory pathway

A

outbound pathway moves materials from endomembrane system to plasma membrane

40
Q

Endocytic pathway

A

inbound pathway moves material from plasma membrane to endomembrane system

41
Q

Transport vesicles

A

carry organic molecules from ER to Golgi complex and from Golgi to other organelles and plasma membrane; can secrete to ECF

42
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

bud off Golgi complex and congregate near plasma membrane but secrete contents only when prompted by chemical in ECF

43
Q

Endocytic vesicles

A

pinch off plasma membrane and deliver substances from ECF into cells

44
Q

Lysosomes

A

specialized vesicles that pinch off Golgi complex, remain in cell, and decompose food molecules and worn out organelles

45
Q

Enzyme in Lysosome

A

Hydrolases - digest large organic molecules, breaking into smaller molecules by hydrolysis

46
Q

More functions of Lysosomes

A
  • digest contents of endocytic vesicles
  • autophagia - digests one of it own organelles
  • autolysis - lysosomes rupture to destroy cell
47
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • tiny organelles that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and various toxins using oxidase and catalase enzymes; form by pinching in two
48
Q

Oxidase function

A
  • removes electrons from molecules causing them to break apart
  • converts free radicals into hydrogen peroxide
49
Q

Catalase function

A

converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

A & P 1 (5 decks)

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