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A & P 1 > Chapter 3 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

6 elements that make up most living things

A 
CHNOPS
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
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2
Q

6 most abundant elements in humans

A 
CHNOPCa
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Calcium
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3
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus

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4
Q

atomic weight (mass)

A

number of protons and neutrons in nucleus (weight of all protons and neutrons)

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5
Q

chemical reaction

A

formation of chemical bond

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6
Q

molecule

A

combination of two or more atoms

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7
Q

macromolecule

A

large, chain-like molecule

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8
Q

compound

A

combination of two or more different elements

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9
Q

mole

A

equal to the compounds molecular weight expressed in grams.

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10
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

6.023 x 10^23 atoms

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11
Q

homogeneous mixture

A

particles distributed evenly and cannot be filtered; absorbs but doesn’t scatter light

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12
Q

heterogeneous mixture

A

particles large enough to refract and scatter light

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13
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture where solute is scattered evenly through the solution

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14
Q

colloid

A

heterogeneous mixture with large enough particles to scatter light but too small to settle out of mixture (milk, gelatin)

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15
Q

suspension

A

heterogeneous mixture with large enough particles to settle out of mixture (muddy water)

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16
Q

chemical bond

A

attraction or force that holds atoms together

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17
Q

ionic bond

A

force of attraction between oppositely charged particles

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18
Q

ion

A

atom or molecule that has more or fewer electrons than protons

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19
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

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20
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

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21
Q

covalent bond

A

two atoms share one or more outer (valence electrons) can be polar or nonpolar

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22
Q

hydrogen bond

A

attraction between hydrogen atom located within one polar molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom located within another molecule

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23
Q

adhesion

A

hydrogen bonds between water and non-water molecules

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24
Q

cohesion

A

hydrogen bonds holding adjacent water molecules together

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25
Q

isotope

A

element with atomic weight that is different from the most common form of the element (same atomic number but different atomic weights)

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26
Q

energy

A

force that moves matter

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27
Q

work

A

movement of matter

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28
Q

potential energy

A

stored or positional energy

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29
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

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30
Q

chemical reactions

A

interaction between atoms or ions and involves the breaking or forming of chemical bonds

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31
Q

endergonic

A

chemical reaction that absorbs energy (product has more stored energy that reactants)

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32
Q

exergonic

A

chemical reaction that releases energy (product has less stored energy than reactants)

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33
Q

types of kinetic energy

A 
chemical
electrical
electrochemical 
radiant (electromagnetic)
mechanical
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34
Q

types of chemical reactions

A

synthesis
decomposition
reversible
oxidation-reduction

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35
Q

synthesis reaction

A

anabolic reaction X + Y = XY

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36
Q

decomposition reaction

A

catabolic reaction XY = X + Y

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37
Q

reversible reaction

A

reactants generate product that readily breaks apart, or dissociates to form original reactants

38
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electron or hydrogen (or gain of oxygen)

Na losses electron

39
Q

reduction

A

gain of electron or hydrogen (or loss of oxygen)

CL gains electron

40
Q

free radicals

A

molecules with unpaired electrons in valence shells

41
Q

antioxidants

A

chemicals that react with free radicals and prevent their reaction with vital cellular compounds

42
Q

4 Factors of Reaction Rate

A

Size of reactants
Concentration of reactants
Temperature
Concentration of catalyst

43
Q

5 Important Functions of Water

A 
medium for chemical reactions
act as chemical reactant
acts as lubricant to reduce friction
absorbs and dissipates heat
acts as shock absorber
44
Q

acid

A

compound that dissociates to yield H+ ions

45
Q

base

A

substance that removes H+ ions from solution

46
Q

salt

A

ionic compound that dissociates to yield cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-

47
Q

pH

A

-log[H+]

48
Q

buffer

A

substance that prevents dramatic pH changes in solution

49
Q

organic compounds

A

compounds consisting of carbon (used to think that they had to be produced from organisms)

50
Q

functional group

A

reactant part of organic compound

51
Q

examples of functional groups

A

hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, carbonyl, sulfhydryl, methyl, phosphate

52
Q

Most abundant organic compounds

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

53
Q

Polymer

A

long chain of smaller, repeating subunits called monomers

54
Q

Enzymes

A
  • break down and build organic compounds
  • protein that functions as a catalyst, or chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product
55
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

process of forming of organic compounds. forms covalent bond between two compounds and a water molecule

56
Q

Hydrolysis

A

process of decomposing organic compounds; breaks the covalent bond between two compounds and breaks a water molecule

57
Q

End-product inhibition

A

negative feedback mechanism where products bind to an enzyme and prevent it from working

58
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

“foreign” substrate competes with normal substrate for substrate-binding site

59
Q

Allosteric Inhibition

A

noncompetitive inhibition; foreign substance binds to a part of the enzyme and cause the enzyme to change shape and prevent the substrate from binding

60
Q

Carbohydrates

A

saccharides; serve as primary source of energy for body’s cells and function as cell markers and part of nucleic acids

61
Q

3 types of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

62
Q

Lipids

A

insoluble in water, have more C-H bonds than simple sugars and therefore more stored energy

63
Q

Classifications of Lipids

A 
Fatty acids
Glycerides
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Eicosanoids
Steroids
64
Q

Glycerides

A

Lipid: glycerol molecule attached to one or more fatty acids

65
Q

Oils

A

Lipid; triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids

66
Q

Fats

A

Lipids; triglycerides with saturated fatty acids

67
Q

Protein

A

polymer of amino acids (NH2); amino group and carboxyl group (COOH)

68
Q

Peptide bond

A

covalent bond between amino acids

69
Q

Primary level in protein

A

amino acid sequence, determines shape and function

70
Q

Secondary level in protein

A

coiling and creasing amino acid chain to form a 3-D shape

71
Q

Tertiary level in protein

A

secondary-level protein bends back on itself to form a globe-like shape

72
Q

Quaternary level in protein

A

two or more tertiary proteins unite

73
Q

Shapes of proteins

A

Globular

Filamentous

74
Q

Functions of proteins

A 
TRICCS
Transport
Regulatory
Immunological
Contractile
Catalytic
Structural
75
Q

Function of Catalase

A

Breaks hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

76
Q

Function of Dehydrogenase

A

Removes H from a molecule

77
Q

Function of Hydrolase

A

Hydrolyzes (breaks up) larger compound to form smaller compounds

78
Q

Function of Kinase

A

Adds phosphate group to compound

79
Q

Function of Ligase

A

Joins two molecules using energy supplied from ATP

80
Q

Function of Phosphatase

A

Removes phosphate group from compound

81
Q

Function of Phosphorylase

A

Adds phosphate group to compound

82
Q

Function of Polymerase

A

Combines monomers to form polymer

83
Q

Function of Synthestase

A

Synthesizes compound

84
Q

Function of Trasferase

A

Transfers items from one compound to another

85
Q

Function of Sucrase

A

Hydrolyzes sucrose to form glucose and fructose

86
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

polymers of nucleotide monomers

87
Q

Nucleotide

A

contains a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

88
Q

Purine

A

Nitrogenous base with two carbon rings (Adenine and Guanine)

89
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Nitrogenous base with one carbon ring (Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracile)

90
Q

Thymine Pairs with

A

Adenine (DNA)

91
Q

Cytosine pairs with

A

Guanine

92
Q

Adenine pairs with (RNA)

A

Uracile

A & P 1 (5 decks)

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