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A & P 1 > Chapter 3 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

6 elements that make up most living things

A 
CHNOPS
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
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2
Q

6 most abundant elements in humans

A 
CHNOPCa
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Calcium
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3
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus

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4
Q

atomic weight (mass)

A

number of protons and neutrons in nucleus (weight of all protons and neutrons)

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5
Q

chemical reaction

A

formation of chemical bond

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6
Q

molecule

A

combination of two or more atoms

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7
Q

macromolecule

A

large, chain-like molecule

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8
Q

compound

A

combination of two or more different elements

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9
Q

mole

A

equal to the compounds molecular weight expressed in grams.

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10
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

6.023 x 10^23 atoms

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11
Q

homogeneous mixture

A

particles distributed evenly and cannot be filtered; absorbs but doesn’t scatter light

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12
Q

heterogeneous mixture

A

particles large enough to refract and scatter light

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13
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture where solute is scattered evenly through the solution

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14
Q

colloid

A

heterogeneous mixture with large enough particles to scatter light but too small to settle out of mixture (milk, gelatin)

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15
Q

suspension

A

heterogeneous mixture with large enough particles to settle out of mixture (muddy water)

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16
Q

chemical bond

A

attraction or force that holds atoms together

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17
Q

ionic bond

A

force of attraction between oppositely charged particles

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18
Q

ion

A

atom or molecule that has more or fewer electrons than protons

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19
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

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20
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

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21
Q

covalent bond

A

two atoms share one or more outer (valence electrons) can be polar or nonpolar

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22
Q

hydrogen bond

A

attraction between hydrogen atom located within one polar molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom located within another molecule

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23
Q

adhesion

A

hydrogen bonds between water and non-water molecules

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24
Q

cohesion

A

hydrogen bonds holding adjacent water molecules together

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25
isotope
element with atomic weight that is different from the most common form of the element (same atomic number but different atomic weights)
26
energy
force that moves matter
27
work
movement of matter
28
potential energy
stored or positional energy
29
kinetic energy
energy in motion
30
chemical reactions
interaction between atoms or ions and involves the breaking or forming of chemical bonds
31
endergonic
chemical reaction that absorbs energy (product has more stored energy that reactants)
32
exergonic
chemical reaction that releases energy (product has less stored energy than reactants)
33
types of kinetic energy
``` chemical electrical electrochemical radiant (electromagnetic) mechanical ```
34
types of chemical reactions
synthesis decomposition reversible oxidation-reduction
35
synthesis reaction
anabolic reaction X + Y = XY
36
decomposition reaction
catabolic reaction XY = X + Y
37
reversible reaction
reactants generate product that readily breaks apart, or dissociates to form original reactants
38
oxidation
loss of electron or hydrogen (or gain of oxygen) | Na losses electron
39
reduction
gain of electron or hydrogen (or loss of oxygen) | CL gains electron
40
free radicals
molecules with unpaired electrons in valence shells
41
antioxidants
chemicals that react with free radicals and prevent their reaction with vital cellular compounds
42
4 Factors of Reaction Rate
Size of reactants Concentration of reactants Temperature Concentration of catalyst
43
5 Important Functions of Water
``` medium for chemical reactions act as chemical reactant acts as lubricant to reduce friction absorbs and dissipates heat acts as shock absorber ```
44
acid
compound that dissociates to yield H+ ions
45
base
substance that removes H+ ions from solution
46
salt
ionic compound that dissociates to yield cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-
47
pH
-log[H+]
48
buffer
substance that prevents dramatic pH changes in solution
49
organic compounds
compounds consisting of carbon (used to think that they had to be produced from organisms)
50
functional group
reactant part of organic compound
51
examples of functional groups
hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, carbonyl, sulfhydryl, methyl, phosphate
52
Most abundant organic compounds
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
53
Polymer
long chain of smaller, repeating subunits called monomers
54
Enzymes
- break down and build organic compounds - protein that functions as a catalyst, or chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product
55
Dehydration synthesis
process of forming of organic compounds. forms covalent bond between two compounds and a water molecule
56
Hydrolysis
process of decomposing organic compounds; breaks the covalent bond between two compounds and breaks a water molecule
57
End-product inhibition
negative feedback mechanism where products bind to an enzyme and prevent it from working
58
Competitive inhibition
"foreign" substrate competes with normal substrate for substrate-binding site
59
Allosteric Inhibition
noncompetitive inhibition; foreign substance binds to a part of the enzyme and cause the enzyme to change shape and prevent the substrate from binding
60
Carbohydrates
saccharides; serve as primary source of energy for body's cells and function as cell markers and part of nucleic acids
61
3 types of polysaccharides
Glycogen Starch Cellulose
62
Lipids
insoluble in water, have more C-H bonds than simple sugars and therefore more stored energy
63
Classifications of Lipids
``` Fatty acids Glycerides Phospholipids Glycolipids Eicosanoids Steroids ```
64
Glycerides
Lipid: glycerol molecule attached to one or more fatty acids
65
Oils
Lipid; triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids
66
Fats
Lipids; triglycerides with saturated fatty acids
67
Protein
polymer of amino acids (NH2); amino group and carboxyl group (COOH)
68
Peptide bond
covalent bond between amino acids
69
Primary level in protein
amino acid sequence, determines shape and function
70
Secondary level in protein
coiling and creasing amino acid chain to form a 3-D shape
71
Tertiary level in protein
secondary-level protein bends back on itself to form a globe-like shape
72
Quaternary level in protein
two or more tertiary proteins unite
73
Shapes of proteins
Globular | Filamentous
74
Functions of proteins
``` TRICCS Transport Regulatory Immunological Contractile Catalytic Structural ```
75
Function of Catalase
Breaks hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
76
Function of Dehydrogenase
Removes H from a molecule
77
Function of Hydrolase
Hydrolyzes (breaks up) larger compound to form smaller compounds
78
Function of Kinase
Adds phosphate group to compound
79
Function of Ligase
Joins two molecules using energy supplied from ATP
80
Function of Phosphatase
Removes phosphate group from compound
81
Function of Phosphorylase
Adds phosphate group to compound
82
Function of Polymerase
Combines monomers to form polymer
83
Function of Synthestase
Synthesizes compound
84
Function of Trasferase
Transfers items from one compound to another
85
Function of Sucrase
Hydrolyzes sucrose to form glucose and fructose
86
Nucleic Acids
polymers of nucleotide monomers
87
Nucleotide
contains a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base, and phosphate group
88
Purine
Nitrogenous base with two carbon rings (Adenine and Guanine)
89
Pyrimidines
Nitrogenous base with one carbon ring (Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracile)
90
Thymine Pairs with
Adenine (DNA)
91
Cytosine pairs with
Guanine
92
Adenine pairs with (RNA)
Uracile

A & P 1 (5 decks)

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