Chapter 4 Textbook

Question 1

Carbon: The backbone of life

Answer 1

Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and varied, making possible the diversity of organisms that have evolved on Earth. Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter from inanimate material are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to one another and to atoms of other elements.

Question 2

Organic chemistry definition

Answer 2

The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).

Question 3

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Answer 3

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Question 4

Concept 4.1: Organic Chemistry and what was originally thought about organic compounds and their creation

Answer 4

Organic compounds, once thought to arise only within living organisms, were finally synthesized in the laboratory.

Living matter is made mostly of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Biological diversity results from carbon’s ability to form a huge number of molecules with particular shapes and properties.

Question 5

4.2: How does Carbon’s structure affect its bonding

Answer 5

Carbon, with a valence of 4, can bond to various other atoms, including O, H, and N. Carbon can also bond to other carbon atoms, forming the carbon skeletons of organic compounds. These skeletons vary in length and shape and have bonding sites for atoms of other elements.

Question 6

Hydrocarbons

Answer 6

Hydrocarbons consist of carbon and hydrogen.

Question 7

Isomers

Answer 7

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. Three
types of isomers are structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers.

Question 8

Structural isomers

Answer 8

One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Question 9

Cis-trans isomers

Answer 9

Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds.

Question 10

Enantiomers

Answer 10

One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon.

Question 11

Important biological chemical groups

Answer 11

-Hydroxyl
-Carbonyl
-Carboxyl
-Amino
-Sulfhydryl
-Phosphate
-Methyl