chapter 4 terms Flashcards
exercise physiology
study of the fundamental responses and adaptations that occur during and following physical activity and exercise
homeostasis
the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions
acute responses
changes in the systems of the body that occur in response to a single bout of physical activity or exercise
chronic adaptations
changes in the systems of the body that occur in response to repeated regular physical activity or exercise
intensity
how hard is the exercise, usually compared to maximal effort or maximal heart rate
duration
how long the exercise is performed
frequency
how often the exercise is conducted, usually measured in days per week
training and conditioning programs
the process of regular and repeated exercise designed to increase the functioning of the body systems for improving physical performance
overload
systems must be challenged above normal activity to respond to the training stimulus
specificity
must train the muscles involved in the movement and the systems that support the movement
reversibility
when training is stopped, the training effect is quickly lost
substrates
a source of energy for the cells of the body
postabsorptive state
the condition following the complete absorption of a meal
crossover point
the point where the body receives more of its energy from carbohydrates rather than fat
hypoglycemic
a condition of abnormally low blood glucose levels
glucose polymer solution
a beverage that contains multiple glucose molecules linked together in solution
glucose transport protein 4 (GLUT 4)
a type of protein molecule that works with insulin to facilitate glucose uptake by skeletal muscle fibers
insulin shock
acute hypoglycemia usually resulting from an excessive insulin and characterized by sweating, trembling, dizziness, and, if left untreated, convulsions and coma
exogenous insulin
insulin administered from outside the body
aerobic metabolism
the production of energy through the use of oxygen in the cell
embryonic myotubes
immature structures that can potentially convert into muscle fibers
heterogeneous group
a collection composed of parts having dissimilar characteristics or properties
muscle biopsy
a needle technique used to collect tissue samples from a muscle
skinned fiber technique
a laboratory technique that removes the cell membrane and allows for more precise control of the internal environment of a muscle fiber
amenorrhea
abnormal suppression or absence of menstruation
hypothalamic amenorrhea
condition in which there is an absence of a normal menstrual cycle that is caused by a disorder of the hypothalamus
hypoestrogenmia
low levels of the female hormone estrogen
hyperinsulinemia
the presence of excess insulin in the blood
hyperlipidemia
the presence of excess fats or lipids in the blood
hypercholesterolemia
the presence of excess cholesterol in the blood
anabolic
the process where larger molecules or compounds are built from smaller molecules or compounds
efficacy
the power or capacity to produce a desired effect
hyponatremia
an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood
hypothermia
abnormally low body temperature
conduction
the process of heat loss through direct transfer to a cooler object
convection
the process of heat loss to the air surrounding the body
radiation
the process of heat loss through the air to solid cooler objects
evaporation
the process of heat loss through sweat evaporating from the skin surface
