chapter 4 terms

Question 1

exercise physiology

Answer 1

study of the fundamental responses and adaptations that occur during and following physical activity and exercise

Question 2

homeostasis

Answer 2

the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions

Question 3

acute responses

Answer 3

changes in the systems of the body that occur in response to a single bout of physical activity or exercise

Question 4

chronic adaptations

Answer 4

changes in the systems of the body that occur in response to repeated regular physical activity or exercise

Question 5

intensity

Answer 5

how hard is the exercise, usually compared to maximal effort or maximal heart rate

Question 6

duration

Answer 6

how long the exercise is performed

Question 7

frequency

Answer 7

how often the exercise is conducted, usually measured in days per week

Question 8

training and conditioning programs

Answer 8

the process of regular and repeated exercise designed to increase the functioning of the body systems for improving physical performance

Question 9

overload

Answer 9

systems must be challenged above normal activity to respond to the training stimulus

Question 10

specificity

Answer 10

must train the muscles involved in the movement and the systems that support the movement

Question 11

reversibility

Answer 11

when training is stopped, the training effect is quickly lost

Question 12

substrates

Answer 12

a source of energy for the cells of the body

Question 13

postabsorptive state

Answer 13

the condition following the complete absorption of a meal

Question 14

crossover point

Answer 14

the point where the body receives more of its energy from carbohydrates rather than fat

Question 15

hypoglycemic

Answer 15

a condition of abnormally low blood glucose levels

Question 16

glucose polymer solution

Answer 16

a beverage that contains multiple glucose molecules linked together in solution

Question 17

glucose transport protein 4 (GLUT 4)

Answer 17

a type of protein molecule that works with insulin to facilitate glucose uptake by skeletal muscle fibers

Question 18

insulin shock

Answer 18

acute hypoglycemia usually resulting from an excessive insulin and characterized by sweating, trembling, dizziness, and, if left untreated, convulsions and coma

Question 19

exogenous insulin

Answer 19

insulin administered from outside the body

Question 20

aerobic metabolism

Answer 20

the production of energy through the use of oxygen in the cell

Question 21

embryonic myotubes

Answer 21

immature structures that can potentially convert into muscle fibers

Question 22

heterogeneous group

Answer 22

a collection composed of parts having dissimilar characteristics or properties

Question 23

muscle biopsy

Answer 23

a needle technique used to collect tissue samples from a muscle

Question 24

skinned fiber technique

Answer 24

a laboratory technique that removes the cell membrane and allows for more precise control of the internal environment of a muscle fiber

Question 25

amenorrhea

Answer 25

abnormal suppression or absence of menstruation

Question 26

hypothalamic amenorrhea

Answer 26

condition in which there is an absence of a normal menstrual cycle that is caused by a disorder of the hypothalamus

Question 27

hypoestrogenmia

Answer 27

low levels of the female hormone estrogen

Question 28

hyperinsulinemia

Answer 28

the presence of excess insulin in the blood

Question 29

hyperlipidemia

Answer 29

the presence of excess fats or lipids in the blood

Question 30

hypercholesterolemia

Answer 30

the presence of excess cholesterol in the blood

Question 31

anabolic

Answer 31

the process where larger molecules or compounds are built from smaller molecules or compounds

Question 32

efficacy

Answer 32

the power or capacity to produce a desired effect

Question 33

hyponatremia

Answer 33

an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood

Question 34

hypothermia

Answer 34

abnormally low body temperature

Question 35

conduction

Answer 35

the process of heat loss through direct transfer to a cooler object

Question 36

convection

Answer 36

the process of heat loss to the air surrounding the body

Question 37

radiation

Answer 37

the process of heat loss through the air to solid cooler objects

Question 38

evaporation

Answer 38

the process of heat loss through sweat evaporating from the skin surface