chapter 3 terms Flashcards
systems approach
the study of how the various systems of the body respond in an integrated fashion to acute and chronic stimuli and conditions
afferent neurons
nerves that carry electric impulses toward the brain and spinal cord
efferent neurons
nerves that carry electric impulses away from the brain and spinal cord
somatic
parts of the nervous system that controls voluntary action
autonomic
part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary action
sympathetic
part of the autonomic nervous system that tends to act in opposition to the parasympathetic nervous system, especially under conditions of stress
parasympathetic
part of the autonomic nervous system that tends to act in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system
stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time, usually 1 minute
eccentric muscle actions
when the muscle fibers lengthen when generating force
muscle fiber hypertrophy
an increase in the muscle fiber cross-sectional size
muscle fiber hyperplasia
an increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle
undifferentiated satellite cells
an undeveloped cell that has the potential to convert to a developed cell
hematopoiesis
the formation and development of red blood cells
osteoporosis
a disorder in which the bones become increasingly porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, owing to loss of calcium and other mineral components
erythropoietin
a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin
recombinant human erythropoietin
the laboratory production of human erythropoietin
atherosclerosis
a disease process whereby cholesterol and blood lipids build up in the arteries causing a narrowing of the vessel opening
maximal oxgen consumption
the maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during maximal effort exercise
exercise-induced asthma
a medical condition characterized by shortness of breath induced by sustained aerobic exercise
osmolarity
a measure of the concentration of a solution
macronutrients
the foodstuffs needed in large quantities including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that are used for numerous processes in the body
micronutrients
the foodstuffs needed in smaller quantities including vitamins and minerals that are used for numerous processes in the body
electrolytes
the anions and cations that are distributed in the fluid compartments of the body
carcinogens
a cancer-causing substance or agent
procarcinogens
compounds or substances that can lead to the formation of cancer cells
anticarcinogenic
tending to inhibit or prevent the activity of a carcinogen or the development of carcinoma
homeostasis
the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions
exogenous
coming from outside the body
androgenic effects
the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics
anabolic affects
the development and maintenance of tissue, particularly skeletal muscle
innate
immunity existing from within the body at birth
acquired
immunity that is derived after birth
epidemiology
the branch of medicine dealing with the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations
overtraining syndrome
a condition whereby too much training results in the maladaptation of body responses
immediate energy sources
stored energy in the form of ATP and creatine phosphate
creatine phosphate
an organic compound found in muscle and cardiac tissue and capable of storing and providing energy for muscular contraction
glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose to produce energy
glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen to produce energy
oxidative metabolism
the use of oxygen to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce energy
ergogenic aids
any substance or device that improves physiologic or psychological performance
body composition
the amount of fat and nonfat tissue in the body
