chapter 3 terms

Question 1

systems approach

Answer 1

the study of how the various systems of the body respond in an integrated fashion to acute and chronic stimuli and conditions

Question 2

afferent neurons

Answer 2

nerves that carry electric impulses toward the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

efferent neurons

Answer 3

nerves that carry electric impulses away from the brain and spinal cord

Question 4

somatic

Answer 4

parts of the nervous system that controls voluntary action

Question 5

autonomic

Answer 5

part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary action

Question 6

sympathetic

Answer 6

part of the autonomic nervous system that tends to act in opposition to the parasympathetic nervous system, especially under conditions of stress

Question 7

parasympathetic

Answer 7

part of the autonomic nervous system that tends to act in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system

Question 8

stroke volume

Answer 8

the volume of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction

Question 9

cardiac output

Answer 9

the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time, usually 1 minute

Question 10

eccentric muscle actions

Answer 10

when the muscle fibers lengthen when generating force

Question 11

muscle fiber hypertrophy

Answer 11

an increase in the muscle fiber cross-sectional size

Question 12

muscle fiber hyperplasia

Answer 12

an increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle

Question 13

undifferentiated satellite cells

Answer 13

an undeveloped cell that has the potential to convert to a developed cell

Question 14

hematopoiesis

Answer 14

the formation and development of red blood cells

Question 15

osteoporosis

Answer 15

a disorder in which the bones become increasingly porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, owing to loss of calcium and other mineral components

Question 16

erythropoietin

Answer 16

a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin

Question 17

recombinant human erythropoietin

Answer 17

the laboratory production of human erythropoietin

Question 18

atherosclerosis

Answer 18

a disease process whereby cholesterol and blood lipids build up in the arteries causing a narrowing of the vessel opening

Question 19

maximal oxgen consumption

Answer 19

the maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during maximal effort exercise

Question 20

exercise-induced asthma

Answer 20

a medical condition characterized by shortness of breath induced by sustained aerobic exercise

Question 21

osmolarity

Answer 21

a measure of the concentration of a solution

Question 22

macronutrients

Answer 22

the foodstuffs needed in large quantities including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that are used for numerous processes in the body

Question 23

micronutrients

Answer 23

the foodstuffs needed in smaller quantities including vitamins and minerals that are used for numerous processes in the body

Question 24

electrolytes

Answer 24

the anions and cations that are distributed in the fluid compartments of the body

Question 25

carcinogens

Answer 25

a cancer-causing substance or agent

Question 26

procarcinogens

Answer 26

compounds or substances that can lead to the formation of cancer cells

Question 27

anticarcinogenic

Answer 27

tending to inhibit or prevent the activity of a carcinogen or the development of carcinoma

Question 28

homeostasis

Answer 28

the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions

Question 29

exogenous

Answer 29

coming from outside the body

Question 30

androgenic effects

Answer 30

the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics

Question 31

anabolic affects

Answer 31

the development and maintenance of tissue, particularly skeletal muscle

Question 32

innate

Answer 32

immunity existing from within the body at birth

Question 33

acquired

Answer 33

immunity that is derived after birth

Question 34

epidemiology

Answer 34

the branch of medicine dealing with the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations

Question 35

overtraining syndrome

Answer 35

a condition whereby too much training results in the maladaptation of body responses

Question 36

immediate energy sources

Answer 36

stored energy in the form of ATP and creatine phosphate

Question 37

creatine phosphate

Answer 37

an organic compound found in muscle and cardiac tissue and capable of storing and providing energy for muscular contraction

Question 38

glycolysis

Answer 38

the breakdown of glucose to produce energy

Question 39

glycogenolysis

Answer 39

the breakdown of glycogen to produce energy

Question 40

oxidative metabolism

Answer 40

the use of oxygen to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce energy

Question 41

ergogenic aids

Answer 41

any substance or device that improves physiologic or psychological performance

Question 42

body composition

Answer 42

the amount of fat and nonfat tissue in the body