Chapter 4 - Stats

Question 1

is a group of methods used to collect, analyze, present, and interpret data and to make decisions.

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

Decisions made by using statistical methods

Answer 2

Educated guesses

Question 3

Decisions made without using statistical or scientific methods

Answer 3

Pure guesses

Question 4

Statistics has two aspects:

Answer 4

theoretical and applied statistics

Question 5

deals with the development, derivation, and proof of statistical theorems, formulas, rules, and laws.

Answer 5

Mathematical/Theoretical statistics

Question 6

involves the application of those theorems, formulas, rules, and laws to solve real-world problems (e.g. economics, psychology, public health).

Answer 6

Applied statistics

Question 7

Statistics can be divided into two areas:

Answer 7

descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

Question 8

consists of methods for organizing, displaying, and describing data by using tables, graphs, and summary
measures.

Answer 8

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Question 9

consists of methods that use sample results to help make decisions or predictions about a population from a sample.

Answer 9

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Question 10

is the branch of applied statistics directed toward applications in the health sciences and biology.

Answer 10

Statistical Biology/Biostatistics

Question 11

An element or member of a sample or population in a specific subject of object (e.g. a person, a company, a state, or country) about which the information is collected. This can also be called an?

Answer 11

observational unit

Question 12

is a characteristic under study that assumes different values of different elements.

Answer 12

variable

Question 13

is the value of a variable for an element.

Answer 13

observation or measurement

Question 14

is a collection of observations on one or more variables.

Answer 14

data set

Question 15

results when a single variable is measured. Example: body temperature of 150 people.

Answer 15

Univariate data

Question 16

results when two variables are measured. Example: body temperature and age of 150 people.

Answer 16

Bivariate data

Question 17

results when more than two variables are measured.

Answer 17

Multivariate data

Question 18

is the collection of all elements-individuals, items, or objects-whose characteristics are being studied.

Answer 18

population

Question 19

Population is also usually called the?

Answer 19

target population

Question 20

is the collection of a number of elements selected from a population. It is a subset selected from the target population.

Answer 20

sample

Question 21

is the collection of information that includes every member of the population.

Answer 21

census

Question 22

is the collection of information from the elements of a sample

Answer 22

sample survey

Question 23

Timeliness is important in conducting research or experiments.

Answer 23

TIME

Question 24

Collecting information from all members of the population may require huge budget which is not efficient and practical.

Answer 24

COST

Question 25

Identification of and access to all members of the population may be unachievable.

Answer 25

IMPOSSIBILITY TO CONDUCT A CENSUS

Question 26

is a numerical measure that summarize data for an entire population

Answer 26

parameter

Question 27

is a numerical measure that summarize data for a sample

Answer 27

statistic

Question 28

is a method of sampling in which each member of the population has some chance of being selected in the sample.

Answer 28

Random sampling

Question 29

is a method of sampling in which some member of the population may not have any chance of being selected in the sample

Answer 29

Nonrandom sampling

Question 30

A random sample is usually a?

Answer 30

Representative sample

Question 31

Two types of nonrandom sampling are a?

Answer 31

convenience sampling and a judgment sampling

Question 32

the most accessible members of the population are selected to obtain the results quickly.

Answer 32

convenience sampling

Question 33

the members are selected from the population based on the judgment and prior knowledge of an expert.

Answer 33

judgment sampling

Question 34

is a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample, that represents the entire population of data.

Answer 34

sampling error

Question 35

can occur both in a sample survey and in a census. Such errors occur because of human mistakes and not chance.

Answer 35

Nonsampling errors or biases

Question 36

Nonsampling errors are also called

Answer 36

Systematic errors or biases

Question 37

Types of Sampling Errors:

Answer 37

1. Selection Error 2. Nonresponse Error 3. Response Error 4. Voluntary Response Error

Question 38

is the error that occurs because the sampling frames is not representative of the population.

Answer 38

Selection Error

Question 39

When we need to select a sample, we use a list of elements from which we draw a sample, and this list usually does not include many members of the target population. Most of the time it is not achievable to include every member of the target population in this list. This list of members of the population that is used to select a sample is called the?

Answer 39

sampling frame

Question 40

is the error that occurs because many of the people included in the sample do not respond to a survey.

Answer 40

Nonresponse error

Question 41

occurs when people included in the survey do not provide correct answers.

Answer 41

response error

Question 42

occurs when a survey is conducted on a randomly selected people but on a questionnaire published in a magazine or newspaper and people are invited to respond to that questionnaire.

Answer 42

Voluntary response error

Question 43

RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:

Answer 43

1. Simple Random Sampling 2. Systematic Random Sampling 3. Stratified Random Sampling 4. Cluster Random Sampling

Question 44

is a sampling technique in which any particular sample of a specific sample size has the same chance of being selected as any other sample of the same size.

Answer 44

Simple random sampling

Question 45

is the number of elements in the sample, denoted by n.

Answer 45

Sample size

Question 46

denoted by N, is the number of elements in the population.

Answer 46

population size

Question 47

This sampling for example, if we need to select 5 students from a class of 50 (target population), we write each of the 50 names on a separate piece of paper. Then, we place all 50 names in a bowl and mix them thoroughly. Next, we draw 1 name randomly from the bowl. We repeat this experiment four more times. The 5 drawn names make up a simple random sample with a sample size of 5.

Answer 47

Lottery or fishbowl sampling

Question 48

is a sampling technique in which the elements of the sample are taken from every Kth element in the population arranged alphabetically or by other characteristic. Here, k = N/n.

Answer 48

Systematic random sampling

Question 49

is a sampling technique in which the entire population is divided into smaller groups (called strata; stratum in singular) that are not overlapping and represent the entire population.

Answer 49

Stratified random sampling

Question 50

stratum in singular

Answer 50

strata

Question 51

is a sampling technique in which the entire population is divided into multiple groups usually by geographical area.

Answer 51

Cluster random sampling

Question 52

Clusters are also called?

Answer 52

Primary units

Question 53

A variable may be classified as?

Answer 53

quantitative or qualitative

Question 54

are variables that can be measured numerically.

Answer 54

Quantitative or Numeric variables

Question 55

Quantitative variables are also called?

Answer 55

Numeric variable

Question 56

is a variable whose values are countable with no possible intermediate values between consecutive values.

Answer 56

discrete variable

Question 57

is a variable that can assume any numerical value between two numbers.

Answer 57

continuous variable

Question 58

are variables that cannot be measured numerically can be divided into different categories.

Answer 58

Qualitative or categorical variables

Question 59

Qualitative variables are also called?

Answer 59

categorical variables

Question 60

If we are considering the timing of the collection of data, data can be classified as either?

Answer 60

cross-section or time-series data

Question 61

Is a data collected on different elements at the same point or for the same period of time.

Answer 61

Cross-section data

Question 62

is a data collected on the same element of the same variable at different points or for different period of time.

Answer 62

Time-series data