Chapter 4: State of consciousness

Question 1

sleep

why do we sleep? (5)

Answer 1

1: protect
2: recovery
3: memories
4: creative thinking
5: growth

Question 2

sleep

whats are the biological rhythms?

Answer 2

the 24 hour biological clock and 90 minute sleep cycle

Question 3

sleep

whats the circadian rhythm?

Answer 3

the internal biological clock, regulates bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle, alteres by age and experience

Question 4

sleep

NREM sleep (3)

Answer 4

1: sleep with no rapid eye movement
2: heart rate, respiration is slow and regular
3: little body mouvement, blood pressure and brain activity at its lowest point of 24 hour periods

Question 5

sleep

REM sleep (7)

Answer 5

1: rapid eye mouvement
2: 20-25% of adult sleep
3: intense brain activity
4: most dreaming occurs
5: blood pressure rise, heart rate and respiration becomes fast and irregular, brain temperture increases
6: genitals become aroused
7: large muscles of body (arms, legs ,trunk) are paralyzed

Question 6

sleep

explain the 4 stages of sleep cycles

Answer 6

stage 1: light sleep, lasts few minutes
stage 2: 50% of sleep occurs
stage 3: transition to last stage, lasts a few minutes
stage 4: deepest sleep, lasts 40 minutes

Question 7

sleep

explain the sleep for an infant and young children

Answer 7

longest sleep time and highest % of REM and deep sleep

Question 8

sleep

explain the sleep for middle childhood

Answer 8

fall asleep fast, sleep 8.5 to 9 hours and feel awake and alert during the day

Question 9

sleep

explain the sleep for teenagers

Answer 9

gets 7 hours of sleep but needs 2 more

Question 10

sleep

explain the sleep for an adult (5)

Answer 10

1: as age increases, the quality and quantity of sleep decreases
2: above 75 years worst sleep
3: more diffulty falling asleep and lighter sleep
4: average of 6.5 hours of sleep
5: percentage of REM sleep stays the same

Question 11

dreams

are dreams symbolic?

Answer 11

no

Question 12

dream

whats REM rebound?

Answer 12

an increased amount of REM sleep after REM deprivation and often get unpleasant dreams and nightmares

Question 13

dream

whats the activation synthesis theory? (3)

Answer 13

1: During REM, brain produces random electrical energy
2: this random electrical energy stimulates certain memories
3: brain takes random information and gives it a story line

Question 14

dreams

names all 4 parasomnias and describe each

Answer 14

1: somnambulism: sleepwalking and partial arousing from stage 4 sleep
2: sleep terror: partial arousing from stage 4 sleep and usually begins with piercing scream
3: nightmares: scary dreams that occur during REM sleep because of REM rebound
4: somniloquy: sleep talking and occurs at any sleep stage, more frequent among children

Question 15

major sleep disorders

name the 3 major sleep disorders and explain them

Answer 15

1: nacotepsy: is incurable, excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM
2: sleep apnea: Periods during sleep when breathing stops, must wake up to breathe again
3: imsomnia: diffuculty falling asleep and staying asleep, waking too early, light sleep and restless and poor quality

Question 16

sleep

whats hypnosis?

Answer 16

a changed state of awareness and increased relaxation

Question 17

sleep

facts about hypnosis? (2)

Answer 17

1: aware of whats going on
2: can help control pain in surgery

Question 18

drugs

what are psychoative drugs? (3)

Answer 18

1:alter normal mental functioning
2: some legal some not
3: trigger dopamine

Question 19

drugs

explain what are stimulants (3)

Answer 19

1: speed up activity in the central nervous system
2: supress appetite, feel more awake, alert and energetic
3: does not deliver energy but forces body to use stored energy

Question 20

drugs

types of stimulants (3)

Answer 20

1: legal stimulants: caffeine, nicotine
2: controlled stimulants: amphetamines, methamphetamines
3: illegal stimulants: cocaine

Question 21

drugs

explain what are hallucinogens (4)

Answer 21

1: category of drugs
2: also called psychelics
3: alter mood and perception
4: hallucinations

Question 22

drugs

types of hallucinogens (3)

Answer 22

1: LSD
2: ecstasy
3: THC

Question 23

drugs

facts abt caffeine (4)

Answer 23

1: most widely used drug
2: in coffee, tea, cola, chocolate, energy drinks
3: inceases mental alertness
4: rise in heart rate, blood pressure and muscular tention

Question 24

drugs

facts about nicotine (4)

Answer 24

1: tolerance develops in hours
2: 16.7% of canadians smoke
3: long term risks most lethal
4: 45 000 canadians die each year from smoking

Question 25

drugs

explain depressants (5)

Answer 25

1: decrease activity in the central nerveous system
2: neurons fire slowly
3: slows down body functions
4: reduces sensitivity to surroundings
5: temporary is taken is small amounts

Question 26

drugs

examples of depressants

Answer 26

1: alcohol
2:heroin
3: morphine

Question 27

drug dependance

explain tolerance (2)

Answer 27

1: progressively less affected by the drug
2: larger dose necessary to have same effects

Question 28

drug dependence

what is biological drug dependence? (3)

Answer 28

1: develops a drug tolerance
2: cant live without it
3: unpleasant withdrawal symtoms

Question 29

drug dependence

psychological drug dependence

Answer 29

craving a drug’s pleasurable effects

Question 30

drug dependence

explain withdrawal

Answer 30

1: physical and psychological symptoms develop when drug is no longer taken
2: ends when drug is taken again