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psychology > Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Ben Underwood

the little boy was dignosed with? And at what age?

(eye cancer)

A

Retinoblastoma at the age of 3

both eyes removed

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2
Q

Ben underwood

What does he use to be able to move around?

A

echolocation

sounds with his mouth

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3
Q

Sensation

What’s the definition of sensation?

(the raw material)

A

Process by which senses detect visual, auditory and other sensory stimuli and transmit it to the brain

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4
Q

Perception

what’s the definition of Perception?

(Finished product)

A

Process by which sensory information is organized and interpreted by the brain

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5
Q

Sensory receptors

What are the sensory receptors?

A

Cells in organs that detect and respond to sensory stimuli with neural impulses

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6
Q

Transduction

what do transductions do?

A

the process on which sensory receptors convert sensory stimilation into neural impulses

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7
Q

sensory adaptation

what is sensory adaptation?

A

becoming less sensitive to an unchanging sensory stimuli over time

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8
Q

absolute threshold

What’s absolute threshold?

A

Difference between not being able to perceive a stimulus and being able to barely perceive it

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9
Q

difference threshold

what’s difference threshold?

A

the smallest decrease or increse in a physical stimulus, just noticeable difference (JND) in sensation that’s detectable 50% of the time

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10
Q

absolute threshold

examples of absolute threshold:
vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch

A

vision: candle flame 30 miles away
hearing: a watch ticking 20 feet away
smell: a drop of perfume in a 6-room house
taste: a teaspoon of suagr in a gallon of water
touch: a wing of a fly touching your cheek

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11
Q

subliminal

whats the definition of subliminal?

A

a stimuli not strong enough to produce a sensation or a mental awareness

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12
Q

weber’s law

explain the weber’s law

(JND)

A

is a % or a proportion of change.
The intensity of the stimulus the greater the degree of change is needed

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13
Q

visible spectrum

what is visible spectrum?

A

the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can see

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14
Q

The eye

explain what the lens is/does (6)

A

1: suspended behind the iris and pupil
2: composed of many thin layers (transparents discs)
3: performs the task of focusing on objects close than 6.5m
4: flattens objects at distance
5: bulges (accomodation) in center for close objects
6: Presbyopia lens loses flexibility

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15
Q

the eye

What is the Retina? (3)

A

1: focus image on retina
2: contains sensory receptors for vision
3: image projected onto the retina s upside down and reversed left to right

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16
Q

the eye

whats the cornea?

A

the transparent layer in the front of the eye that allows light in

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17
Q

the eye

What are rods?

A

light sensitive receptors in the retina that provide good vision in low light

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18
Q

the eye

what do cones do?

A

allows us to see colours and fine details in adequate light (doesnt work in low light)

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19
Q

the eye

whats the fovea?

A

small area of retina that provides the clearest and sharpest vision

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20
Q

the eye

explain colour blindness (4)

A

1: unable to distinguish some/or all colourss in vision due to a defect in the cones
2: 8% of males experience some kind of difficulty in distinguishing colours
3: most commonly red from green
4: 1% of females suffer from colour blindness

21
Q

the eye

Explain the trichromatic theory

A

there are 3 types of cones, sensitive to red, blue, or green and the varying level of activity in these receptors can produce all of the colours

22
Q

the eye

explain the opponent-process theory

A

Certain cells increasing firing rate to signal one colour and decrease firing rate to signal de opposing colour

23
Q

the eye

explain the visual cliff study done by Eleanor Gibson an Richard Walk (7)

A

1: tested of animals and babies
2: 36 babies
3: 27 went to mother on the shallow side
4: 9 remained on the center board
5: 3 went to mother on the deep end
6: 33 remained on the center board
7: Gilbson and Walk concluded that depth perception is innate

24
Q

the eye

explain nearsightedness

A

able to see near objects clearly and distant images blurry

25
Q

the eye

explain farsightedness

A

able to see far ojects clearly but close objects are blurry

26
Q

The ear

what’s the outer ear?

A

curved flap of cartilage and skin, visible part of the ear

27
Q

th ear

whats the eardrum (2)

A

1: thin section of skin that thighly coverss the opening into the middle part of the ear
2: like a drum skin on a drum

28
Q
A
29
Q
A
30
Q

the ear

whats the inner ear? (5)

A

1: begins at base of cochlea
2: snail-shaped structure filled with fluid
3: pushes againts oval windown vibrations= more fluid in the cochlea back and forth in waves
4: fluid sets basilar membrane in motion
5: basilar membrane has 15 000 sensory receptors called hair cells

31
Q

the ear

whats the auditory canal?

A

is lined with hairs and leads to eardrum

32
Q

the ear

whats the middle ear? (4)

A

1: inside the ossicles
2: 3 smallest bones in the body
3: size of grain of rice
4: hammer, anvil and the stirrup link the eardrum to oval window

33
Q

characteristics of sound

whats frequency?

A

the number of cycles completed by a sound wave in one second

34
Q

characteristics of sound

whats amplitude?

A

the loudness of sound caused ny the force or pressure with which air molecules move

35
Q

characteristics of sound

whats timbre?

A

the distinct quality of sound that distinguishes it from sounds from the same pitch and loudness

36
Q

characteristics of sound

whats the place theory?

A

each pitch is determined by the particular spot of place alone the basilar membrane of cochlea that vibrates the most

37
Q

characteristics of sound

whats the frequency theory?

A

the hair cell receptors vibrate some numbers of times per second as sounds that reach them

38
Q

smell

whats olfaction?

A

sensation/process of smell

39
Q

the smell

whats olfactory epithelium?

A

patch of tissue at the top of each nasal cavity

40
Q

smell

what are olfactory bulbs?

A

two matchstick- sized structures above the nasal cavities, where smell sensations first register in the brain

41
Q

smell

whats pheromones? (3)

A

1: chemicals excreted by humans and animals
2: act as signal and elicit certain patterns of behaviour
3: causes changes in heart rate and mood

42
Q

taste

what gustation

A

is the sensation of taste

43
Q

taste

what are the 5 basic tastes?

A

1: sweet
2: sour
3: salty
4: bitter
5: umami

44
Q

gestalt principles of grouping

whats the similarity?

A

visual and auditory and other stimuli with similar characteristic are perceived as a unit

45
Q

gestalt principles of grouping

whats proximity?

A

objects thta are close together in space/time are usually perceived as belonging together

46
Q

gestalt principles of grouping

whats the continuity?

A

perceive figures or objects as belonging together

47
Q

gestalt principles of grouping

whats closure?

A

even if part of a figure are missing, we use closure to perceive them as whole

48
Q

explain the monkey business illusion (3)

A

1: intentional blindness
2: shift our attention from one object to the next but do not notice changes in objects we are not attending to
3: example: texting and driving, drivers slow downs, slow reaction times

psychology (6 decks)

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