Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception

Question 1

Ben Underwood

the little boy was dignosed with? And at what age?

(eye cancer)

Answer 1

Retinoblastoma at the age of 3

both eyes removed

Question 2

Ben underwood

What does he use to be able to move around?

Answer 2

echolocation

sounds with his mouth

Question 3

Sensation

What’s the definition of sensation?

(the raw material)

Answer 3

Process by which senses detect visual, auditory and other sensory stimuli and transmit it to the brain

Question 4

Perception

what’s the definition of Perception?

(Finished product)

Answer 4

Process by which sensory information is organized and interpreted by the brain

Question 5

Sensory receptors

What are the sensory receptors?

Answer 5

Cells in organs that detect and respond to sensory stimuli with neural impulses

Question 6

Transduction

what do transductions do?

Answer 6

the process on which sensory receptors convert sensory stimilation into neural impulses

Question 7

sensory adaptation

what is sensory adaptation?

Answer 7

becoming less sensitive to an unchanging sensory stimuli over time

Question 8

absolute threshold

What’s absolute threshold?

Answer 8

Difference between not being able to perceive a stimulus and being able to barely perceive it

Question 9

difference threshold

what’s difference threshold?

Answer 9

the smallest decrease or increse in a physical stimulus, just noticeable difference (JND) in sensation that’s detectable 50% of the time

Question 10

absolute threshold

examples of absolute threshold:
vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch

Answer 10

vision: candle flame 30 miles away
hearing: a watch ticking 20 feet away
smell: a drop of perfume in a 6-room house
taste: a teaspoon of suagr in a gallon of water
touch: a wing of a fly touching your cheek

Question 11

subliminal

whats the definition of subliminal?

Answer 11

a stimuli not strong enough to produce a sensation or a mental awareness

Question 12

weber’s law

explain the weber’s law

(JND)

Answer 12

is a % or a proportion of change.
The intensity of the stimulus the greater the degree of change is needed

Question 13

visible spectrum

what is visible spectrum?

Answer 13

the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can see

Question 14

The eye

explain what the lens is/does (6)

Answer 14

1: suspended behind the iris and pupil
2: composed of many thin layers (transparents discs)
3: performs the task of focusing on objects close than 6.5m
4: flattens objects at distance
5: bulges (accomodation) in center for close objects
6: Presbyopia lens loses flexibility

Question 15

the eye

What is the Retina? (3)

Answer 15

1: focus image on retina
2: contains sensory receptors for vision
3: image projected onto the retina s upside down and reversed left to right

Question 16

the eye

whats the cornea?

Answer 16

the transparent layer in the front of the eye that allows light in

Question 17

the eye

What are rods?

Answer 17

light sensitive receptors in the retina that provide good vision in low light

Question 18

the eye

what do cones do?

Answer 18

allows us to see colours and fine details in adequate light (doesnt work in low light)

Question 19

the eye

whats the fovea?

Answer 19

small area of retina that provides the clearest and sharpest vision

Question 20

the eye

explain colour blindness (4)

Answer 20

1: unable to distinguish some/or all colourss in vision due to a defect in the cones
2: 8% of males experience some kind of difficulty in distinguishing colours
3: most commonly red from green
4: 1% of females suffer from colour blindness

Question 21

the eye

Explain the trichromatic theory

Answer 21

there are 3 types of cones, sensitive to red, blue, or green and the varying level of activity in these receptors can produce all of the colours

Question 22

the eye

explain the opponent-process theory

Answer 22

Certain cells increasing firing rate to signal one colour and decrease firing rate to signal de opposing colour

Question 23

the eye

explain the visual cliff study done by Eleanor Gibson an Richard Walk (7)

Answer 23

1: tested of animals and babies
2: 36 babies
3: 27 went to mother on the shallow side
4: 9 remained on the center board
5: 3 went to mother on the deep end
6: 33 remained on the center board
7: Gilbson and Walk concluded that depth perception is innate

Question 24

the eye

explain nearsightedness

Answer 24

able to see near objects clearly and distant images blurry

Question 25

# the eye explain farsightedness

Answer 25

able to see far ojects clearly but close objects are blurry

Question 26

# The ear what's the outer ear?

Answer 26

curved flap of cartilage and skin, visible part of the ear

Question 27

# th ear whats the eardrum (2)

Answer 27

1: thin section of skin that thighly coverss the opening into the middle part of the ear 2: like a drum skin on a drum

Question 30

# the ear whats the inner ear? (5)

Answer 30

1: begins at base of cochlea 2: snail-shaped structure filled with fluid 3: pushes againts oval windown vibrations= more fluid in the cochlea back and forth in waves 4: fluid sets basilar membrane in motion 5: basilar membrane has 15 000 sensory receptors called hair cells

Question 31

# the ear whats the auditory canal?

Answer 31

is lined with hairs and leads to eardrum

Question 32

# the ear whats the middle ear? (4)

Answer 32

1: inside the ossicles 2: 3 smallest bones in the body 3: size of grain of rice 4: hammer, anvil and the stirrup link the eardrum to oval window

Question 33

# characteristics of sound whats frequency?

Answer 33

the number of cycles completed by a sound wave in one second

Question 34

# characteristics of sound whats amplitude?

Answer 34

the loudness of sound caused ny the force or pressure with which air molecules move

Question 35

# characteristics of sound whats timbre?

Answer 35

the distinct quality of sound that distinguishes it from sounds from the same pitch and loudness

Question 36

# characteristics of sound whats the place theory?

Answer 36

each pitch is determined by the particular spot of place alone the basilar membrane of cochlea that vibrates the most

Question 37

# characteristics of sound whats the frequency theory?

Answer 37

the hair cell receptors vibrate some numbers of times per second as sounds that reach them

Question 38

# smell whats olfaction?

Answer 38

sensation/process of smell

Question 39

# the smell whats olfactory epithelium?

Answer 39

patch of tissue at the top of each nasal cavity

Question 40

# smell what are olfactory bulbs?

Answer 40

two matchstick- sized structures above the nasal cavities, where smell sensations first register in the brain

Question 41

# smell whats pheromones? (3)

Answer 41

1: chemicals excreted by humans and animals 2: act as signal and elicit certain patterns of behaviour 3: causes changes in heart rate and mood

Question 42

# taste what gustation

Answer 42

is the sensation of taste

Question 43

# taste what are the 5 basic tastes?

Answer 43

1: sweet 2: sour 3: salty 4: bitter 5: umami

Question 44

# gestalt principles of grouping whats the similarity?

Answer 44

visual and auditory and other stimuli with similar characteristic are perceived as a unit

Question 45

# gestalt principles of grouping whats proximity?

Answer 45

objects thta are close together in space/time are usually perceived as belonging together

Question 46

# gestalt principles of grouping whats the continuity?

Answer 46

perceive figures or objects as belonging together

Question 47

# gestalt principles of grouping whats closure?

Answer 47

even if part of a figure are missing, we use closure to perceive them as whole

Question 48

explain the monkey business illusion (3)

Answer 48

1: intentional blindness 2: shift our attention from one object to the next but do not notice changes in objects we are not attending to 3: example: texting and driving, drivers slow downs, slow reaction times