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Horticulture > Chapter 4: Soil > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Soil Flashcards

1
Q

Define hydroponics. (1)

A

The process through which a plant can survive by being supported on a string in a nutrient missed period

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2
Q

Define: Soil Texture (2)

A

Composition of the soil, with regard to the proportion of mineral particles, classified as sand, silt and clay.

Governs physical and chemical reactions, which are dependent on surface area.

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3
Q

Define: Soil Structure. (3)

A

How particles are arranged, described as sandy, platy, crumply and blocky.

Can be single particle or an aggregate

Affects water movement and handling qualities.

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4
Q

Soils can be classified as _____ or _____.

A

Organic or Mineral soils

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5
Q

____ and ____ ____ is commonly added to acidic soils to raise pH.

A

Lime; Wood ash

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6
Q

____ is commonly added to alkaline soils to lower pH

A

Sulfur

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7
Q

Most ornamental plant prefer a soil pH of ____.

A

5.5 to 7.0

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8
Q

Acid-loving ornamental plants prefer a soil pH of ____.

A

5.0 to 5.5

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9
Q

Is nutrient availability regulated by soil?

A

…

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10
Q

Which of the five essential growth elements does soil contain?

A

…

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11
Q

What determines the soil’s classification?

A

The percentage of organic matter in its top 12 inches.

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12
Q

What classifies as an organic soil?

A

Those which have more than 30% organic matter (20% of the soil is loamy sand or coarser)

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13
Q

Organic soil’s are further divided into ____ and ____, depending on ____ __ ____.

A

peats; muck; degree of decomposition

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14
Q

What classifies an organic soil as a peat?

A

The original plant fibers can be recognized.

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15
Q

What classifies an organic soil as a muck?

A

Most of the original plant fibers are decompose beyond recognition.

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16
Q

Most soils have considerably less than __% ____ ____ and need additional organic matter for ____ ____ ____.

A

20; organic matter; best plant growth.

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17
Q

How does organic matter favorably affect soil structure? (2)

A

Increases the water holding capacity of Sandy soil’s and the workability of the clay or “heavy” soils.

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18
Q

With regard to soil, what does “heavy” or “light “?

A

It describes the effort needed to move tillage equipment through the soil, not the physical weight of the soil itself.

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19
Q

What are some things that living organisms do within soil? (5)

A

Cause decay, releasing nutrients; fix nitrogen from the air; attack harmful organisms; Burrell/tunnel; change in inorganic (mineral) soil constituents.

20
Q

Fungi can cause these two problems.

A

Rotting and damping off

21
Q

What were the five form for organisms mentioned in the soil chapter and their effects?

A

Fungi: Rotting and Damping off.

Bacteria: Blights

Cutworms: Eat plant tissue

Nematodes: Damage roots and other plant structures.

Insect Larvae: Damages underground plant parts and seeds.

22
Q

Most plants do best in this pH range.

A

5.5 to 7.0

23
Q

Two plant examples prefer soil slightly more acidic. What is the pH range and the two plants mentioned?

A

5.0 to 5.5; azaleas and camellias

24
Q

___ is not the factor which controls plant growth, but is a good indicator of these three things.

A

pH; what nutrients are soluble in a particular soil; types of micro organisms likely to predominate; what type of chemical reactions to expect

25
Q

____ soil usually contain more minerals than sandy soil. Clay soil has a much greater surface area than ___ since many small particles have more total surface area.

A

Clay; Sandy

26
Q

What happens when a chemical fertilizer is added to sandy soil and what can be done to prevent this?

A

Some nutrients are immediately available but they also bleach out rapidly. Modify the sandy soil with sufficient organic matter.

27
Q

What should you do before making planting recommendations to a customer? (2)

A

Inspect the soil and have it tested.

28
Q

With regard to soil, what was the mentioned problem in planting container grown plants?

A

If the plant was planted into a whole barely large enough to hold the root ball there is a risk that the root ball will become too wet while the surrounding soil remains relatively dry.

29
Q

How do you prevent the root ball from being improperly moist when planting? (2)

A

Work of the soil within the plant in sight thoroughly; loosen up the root ball

30
Q

After planting the root ball you must do these two things.

A

Mulch and water the entire area

31
Q

These organic amendments usually contain sufficient nitrogen to decompose without depleting the soil of nitrogen. (5)

A

All types of pete; manures; leaves; leaf molds; garden compost

32
Q

These are the most commonly used organic additives for soil. (4)

A

Pete moss; ground bark; compost; miscellaneous materials

33
Q

Describe the pH of the two mentioned origins of pete moss.

A

Canadian and a few American are acid in reaction while German and most American are neutral to alkaline in reaction.

34
Q

Ground bark in the southeast is typically from this.

A

Pine

35
Q

Some bark has this added during processing.

A

Nitrogen

36
Q

Untreated bark needs this.

A

1.5% nitrogen

37
Q

Why must bark have a sufficient quantity of nitrogen?

A

The micro organisms that breakdown the bar require nitrogen and therefore compete with the plants growing in the soil.

38
Q

How much of what substance will usually solve the problem of bark having an insufficient quantity of nitrogen?

A

4 pounds of ammonium nitrate, or equivalent, per cubic yard.

39
Q

After the pH content of bark is resolved the final choice of materials is based off of this.

A

The pH of the bark

40
Q

The addition of these two substances to garden compost will speed up the composting process and improve the finished product.

A

Nitrogen and super phosphate

41
Q

Which of these miscellaneous organic additives require added nitrogen? (3)

A

Strong; fresh sawdust; rice hulls

42
Q

These miscellaneous organic additives contain sufficient nitrogen. (3)

A

Leaf mold; old sawdust; manure

43
Q

What is an undesirable potential quality of old sawdust?

A

Contains undesirable fungus growth

44
Q

What is a potential undesirable characteristic of leaf mold?

A

If from the woods, may contain oak root fungus

45
Q

What is a potential undesirable characteristic of my manure?

A

Often contains too high a percentage of soluble salts, both in the packaged material and other local sources

46
Q

What amendments risk containing many weed seeds?

A

All of the miscellaneous organic additives

Horticulture (2 decks)

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