Chapter 4- Sleep

Question 1

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 1

Biological rhythms which occur once every 24 hours, such as the sleep wake cycle

Question 2

Ultradian Rhythm

Answer 2

Biological rhythms which occur more than once every 24 hours, such as the REM / NREM cycle

Question 3

Stage 1 NREM sleep

Answer 3

Very light sleep, where we can be easily awakened. 
EEG: Alpha and Theta
EOG:Relatively Low
EMG: Relatively High
HR: Irregular
Respiration Rate: Irregular
Body Temp: Normal

Question 4

Stage 2 NREM sleep

Answer 4

Light sleep, but is where sleep ‘starts’.
EEG: Theta, Sleep Spindles and K-Complexes
EOG: Low to none
EMG: Lower
HR: Lower and more regular
RR: Slower and more regular
Body temperature: Lower

Question 5

Stage 3 NREM sleep

Answer 5

Moderately deep sleep
EEG: Theta and Delta
EOG: Little to none
EMG: Lower 
HR: Slower and more regular
RR: Slower and more regular
Body temp: Lower

Question 6

Stage 4 NREM sleep

Answer 6

Deepest Sleep
EEG: >50% delta waves
EOG: Virtually none
EMG: Very Low
HR: Slow and regular
RR: Slow and regualar
Body temp: Lowest

Question 7

REM Sleep

Answer 7

Light sleep, also known as paradoxical sleep
EEG: Beta-like sawtooth waves
EOG: Very high
EMG: None
HR: Increases and fluctuates
RR: Increases and fluctuates
Body temp: Unregulated

Question 8

Muscle Atonia or Cataplexy

Answer 8

Sleep paralysis, where there is no muscle tension. Occurs in REM sleep

Question 9

Hypnogogic Jerk

Answer 9

The involuntary muscle contraction that most people experience in the transition into sleep. It is a contraction of all the major muscles in the body, the mind often uses a story to ‘explain’ it

Question 10

Sleep length and Percentage REM

Answer 10

Neonate: 16 hrs, 50% REM
Infant: 14-15 hrs, 40% REM
Children: 8-9 hrs, 18-20% REM
Adolescent: 9 hrs, 20-25% REM
Adult: 7 hrs, 20% REM
Elderly: 6 hrs, 20% REM

Question 11

Dreaming

Answer 11

Occurs in all stages of sleep, but story-like dreams only occur in REM

Question 12

Nightmares

Answer 12

Occur in REM sleep, are likely to be remembered. Moe likely in the first two sleep cycles

Question 13

Night terrors

Answer 13

Extremely frightening and terrifying dreams associated with screaming and sheer terror. Involve violent movements and occur in stage 3 and 4 sleep

Question 14

Sleep walking (Somnambulism)

Answer 14

Can occur in all stages of sleep except REM because of muscle atonia

Question 15

Adaptive Theory

Answer 15

Main purpose of sleep is survival. Says that sleep depends on the need for food, an animals vulnerability to predators and that sleep conserves energy. Does not explain why sleep is necessary and assumes that animals are safer when asleep and unaware of their external environment

Question 16

Restorative Theory

Answer 16

Sleep allows us to recharge our mind and body. It contends that sleep repairs the body for the next day, enhances mood, activates growth hormone, increases disease immunity, increases alertness and consolidates memory. However, it assumes that sleep is needed to recover after exercise and makes the assumption that the body rests during sleep