Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membranes

Question 1

Two layers: Epidermis (superficial) and dermis (underlying), Epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium. Dermis is fibrous connective tissue Exposed to air: a dry membrane.

Answer 1

Cutaneous Membrane (skin)

Question 2

Lines respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Most contain either stratified squamous epithelium or simple columnar epithelium. Moist membranes continuously bathed in secretions

Answer 2

Mucous Membranes (line body cavities that open to the exterior)

Question 3

Line compartments in ventral cavity, closed to exterior. Simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. Pairs: Parietal layer (specific portion of the wall in ventral cavity) (outer balloon wall), Visceral layer (outside organs) (inner balloon wall)

Answer 3

Serous Membranes (line body cavities closed to exterior)

Question 4

Membrane layers are separated by this fluid, it serves as a lubricant for organs to slide along walls without friction/pain.

Answer 4

Serous Fluid

Question 5

Abdominal cavity lining, lining that isolates lungs from each other, surrounding the heart (separate terms)

Answer 5

Peritoneum, Pleurae, Pericardia

Question 6

Composed of loose areolar connective tissue and do not contain epithelial cells. Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints, providing a smooth surface and lubricating fluid. (Connective tissue membranes)

Answer 6

Synovial Membrane

Question 7

1 of the 2 tissues that skin is comprised of. Made of stratified squamous epithelium. Outer layer.

Answer 7

Epidermis

Question 8

1 of the 2 tissues that skin is comprised of. Made of dense irregular connective tissue. Inner layer.

Answer 8

Dermis

Question 9

Fat tissue that anchors the skin to underlying organs and provides a site for nutrient storage. Loss of this tissue is normal as we age, which causes easier bruising and sensitivity to cold in later years.

Answer 9

Subcutaneous or hypodermis tissue

Question 10

Most cells of this are keratinocytes (keratin cells). Avascular. Composed of five layers referred to as strata. (From inside out) the order is stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lcidum, corneum.

Answer 10

Epidermis (structure of)

Question 11

Deepest layer of epidermis. Most nourished layer of epidermis because nutrient molecules diffusing from the dermis reach them first. Millions of cells from this layer are being produced daily. Of these cells, some maintain population of these stem cells by continuing to divide, others get pushed upward and become parts of the layers closer to the surface.

Answer 11

Stratum Basale

Question 12

This layer of the epidermis is formed of dead cells leaving stratum granulosum. Occurs only where skin is extra thick: on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

Answer 12

Stratum lucidum

Question 13

(Layer of epidermis). Outermost layer. 20-30 cells layers thick, but accounts for 3/4 of the epidermal thickness. Shingle-like dead cells, completely filled with keratin. These cells are referred to as cornified/horny cells. Helps protect deeper cells from the hostile external environment and from water loss. Helps body resist biological, chemical, and physical assaults.

Answer 13

Stratum corneum

Question 14

Pigment that ranges from yellow to brown to black. Produced by spider shaped cells called Melanocytes. Freckles and moles are simply when there is a lot of this pigment in this one spot.

Answer 14

Melanin

Question 15

Cells that alert and activate immune system cells to a threat like a bacterial or viral invasion.

Answer 15

Epidermal dendritic cells

Question 16

Strong, stretchy envelope that helps to bind the body together. Connective tissue making up this thing has two elements: Papillary and reticular, which are composed of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue, respectively. Our “hide”. This on the palms of hands and on soles of feet, thin on eyelids.

Answer 16

Dermis

Question 17

Superficial dermal region. Uneven, peglike projections from superficial surface. Peglike things are called dermal papillae, they indent it. Palms of hands, soles of feet.

Answer 17

Papillary layer

Question 18

Deepest skin layer. Dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors called lamellar corpuscles.

Answer 18

Reticular layer

Question 19

Three pigments that contribute to skin color

Answer 19

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

Question 20

Pigment in red blood cells in the dermal blood vessels. Causes light-skinned people to appear more rosy than someone with darker skin

Answer 20

Hemoglobin

Question 21

Pigment deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutanous tissue. Orange-yellow pigment plentiful in carrots and other orange, deep yellow, or leafy green vegetables.

Answer 21

Carotene

Question 22

Skin exposure to sunlight stimulates __ to produce more __ pigment, tanning the skin.

Answer 22

Melanin

Question 23

A type of exocrine glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts. Fall into two categories: sebaceous glands and sweat glands.

Answer 23

Cutaneous glands

Question 24

Glands found all over the skin except on palms of hands and soles of feet. Ducts usually empty into an air follicle, some open directly to the surface skin. Product is sebum, a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells. Keeps the skin soft and prevents it from becoming brittle, and contains chemicals that kill bacteria.

Answer 24

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands.

Question 25

These glands produce sweat, playing a key role in thermal regulation. Sweat is a mixture of water, some salts, vitamin c, traces of metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid), and lactic acid (chemical from muscle activity). It is also acidic with a PH from 4-6. Pores that sweat comes out of are different from the pores we refer to on our face: those pores are external outlets of hair follicles.

Answer 25

Eccrine Glands (Type of sweat gland)

Question 26

These glands are confined to the axillary (armpit) and genital areas. Ducts empty into hair follicles. This sweat contains fatty acids and proteins in addition to other common sweat substances. Bacteria use its proteins and fats to feed themselves, which gives it a bad smell. Activated by nerve fibers during pain, stress, and sexual arousal.

Answer 26

Apocrine Glands (Type of sweat gland)

Question 27

How does hair form?

Answer 27

Division of well nourished stratum basale epithelial cells in the matrix (growth zone) at the hair bulb at the deep end of the follicle. As daughter cells form, they get pushed away which causes them to get keratinized and die. Hair is made of dead material and mostly protein.

Question 28

Define nail matrix - what is and function

Answer 28

Responsible for nail growth. Matrix produces nail cells, which become heavily keratinized and die. Like hair, nails are mostly nonliving material.

Question 29

Method of estimating how much fluids are being lost due to burning of the body surface. Divides the body into 11 areas, accounting for 9% of the total body SA.

Answer 29

Rule of Nines

Question 30

During burning, large amounts of protein and electrolyte rich fluids seep from burned surfaces. This results in dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which can lead to the shutdown of kidneys and _______, (inadequate circulation of blood caused by low blood volume)

Answer 30

Circulatory Shock

Question 31

Superficial burn, superficial epidermis damaged.

Answer 31

First degree burn

Question 32

Superficial partial thickness burns. Injury to the epidermis and the superficial part of the dermis. Regrowth can occur, no permanent scars will occur if steps are taken to prevent infection.

Answer 32

Second Degree burn

Question 33

Full thickness burns that destroy both the epidermis and the dermis. Often extends to subcutaneous tissue. Blisters. Skin grafting must be done to replace nerve tissue.

Answer 33

Third degree burns

Question 34

Full thickness with deep tissue involvement burn. Include deeper tissues like bone, muscle, and tendons. Dry and leathery, require surgery and grafting to cover exposed tissue. Sometimes, amputation is required.

Answer 34

Fourth Degree Burn

Question 35

Least malignant and most common skin cancer. Alters cells of the stratum basale, so they cannot form keratin and no longer honor the boundary between the epidermis and the dermis. They multiply, invading the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Occur in sun-exposed areas of the face as shiny, dome shaped modules. Slow growing. Seldom metastasizes before being noticed.

Answer 35

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 36

This cancer arises from cells of the stratum spinosum. Lesions are scaly, reddened papules (small, rounded swellings). Gradually form ulcers with firm, raised borders. Scalp, ears, back of hands, and lower lip usually. Believed to be induced by UV exposure. Grows rapidly and metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed.

Answer 36

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Question 37

Cancer of the melanocytes. 5% of skin cancer, but is often deadly. Arises from accumulated DNA damage in a skin cell. Appears as a spreading brown to black patch that metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph nodes and blood vessels.

Answer 37

Malignant Melanoma