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Advanced Biology > Chapter 4 Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Skeleton Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Function

A 
Support the body
Protect soft organs 
Allow Movement due to attached skeletal muscles 
Store minerals and fat 
Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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1
Q

Parts of the skeletal system

Subdivisions

A

Bones
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments

Axial
Appendicular

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2
Q

2 basic types of bone tissue

A

Compact

Sponges

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3
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than wides haft with head at both ends
Compact bone
All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap)

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4
Q

Short bones

A

Cube shaped
Spongey bone
Bones of the wrist and ankle
Sesame if bones are a type of short bone which form within tendons (patella)

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5
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin
Flattened
Curved
Too thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification categories
Ex
Vertebrae

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7
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft

Composed of compact bone

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8
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of the bone

Spongy bone

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9
Q

Periosteum

A

Outsider covering of the diaphysis

Fibrous connective tissue membrane

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10
Q

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

A

Secure periosteum to underlying bone

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11
Q

Arteries

A

Supply bone cells with nutrients

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12
Q

Articulate Cartilage

A

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction

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13
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

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14
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate

Adult bones

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15
Q

Marrow (medullary) cavity

A

Cavity inside the shaft
Yellow marrow (fat) in adults
Red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

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16
Q

Where is red marrow located in adults?

A

Situated and cavities of spongy bone and epiphyses of some long bones

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17
Q

Surface features of bones

A

Sites of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Passages for nerves and blood vessels

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18
Q

Categories of bone bone marking

A

Projections or processes- grow out from the bone surface and terms begin with t
Depressions or cavities- indentations and terms begin with f

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19
Q

Osteon (haversian) system

A

A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

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20
Q

Central (haversian) canal

A

Opening in the center of an osteon

Carries blood vessels and nerves

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21
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)

Arranged in concentric rings called lamellae

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22
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings around the central canal

Sites of lacunae

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23
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals
Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
Form transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

24
Q

What kind of cartilage is the skeleton in embryos

A

Hyaline

25
Q

Cartilage remains in

A

Bridge of the nose
Part of ribs
Joints

26
Q

What allows for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood

A

Epiphyseal

27
Q

Old cartilage is

A

Ossified

28
Q

Process of cartilage becoming bone

A

Broken down
Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity
Bone replaces cartilage through osteoblasts

29
Q

Bones are remodeled in response to 2 factors

A

Blood calcium levels

Pull of gravity and muscles in the skeleton

30
Q

Appositional growth

A

Bones grow in width

31
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

32
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

33
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Giant bone destroying cells

Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in the parathyroid hormone

34
Q

Repair of bone fracture

A

Hematoma- blood-filled swelling is formed
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
Fibrocartilage Callus is replaced by a bony callus
Bony callus is in remodeled it to form a permanent patch

35
Q

Two sets of bones in the skull

A

Cranium
Facial
Joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a freely moveable joint

36
Q

Axial skeleton

A 
Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
Divided into three parts
skull 
vertebral column
the bony thorax
37
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification voice

38
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Swallowing and speech

39
Q

Fetal skull

A

Large in comparison to total length of infant

1/4 bodyweight compared to adult skull which is 1/8

41
Q

Fontanels

A

Fibrous membrane connecting the cranial bones
Allow skull compression during birth
Allow brain to grow
Convert to bone within 24 months of birth

42
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

bone breaks into many fragments

43
Q

Compression Fracture

A

bone is crushed

44
Q

Depressed Fracture

A

broken bone portion is pressed inward

45
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

broken bone ends are forced into each other

46
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone

47
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

bone breaks incompletely

48
Q

the vertebral column

A

each vertebrae has a given name according to its location
24 single vertebral bones
separated by vertebral discs

49
Q

how many vertebrae are in the neck?

A

7 cervical vertebrae

50
Q

how many vertebrae are in the chest region?

A

12 thoracic vertebrae

51
Q

how many vertebrae are associated with the lower back?

A

5 lumbar vertebrae

52
Q

how many vertebrae fuse together to form two composite bones?
What are these bones called?

A

9 vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx

53
Q

the characteristics of the primary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions are…

A

present from birth

form a c-shaped curvature as in newborns

54
Q

the characteristics of the secondary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions

A

develop after birth

form an s-shaped curvature as in adults

55
Q

sacrum

A

formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae

56
Q

coccyx

A

formed by the fusion of 3-5 vertebrae

tailbone, or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have

57
Q

the bony thorax

A 
forms a cage to protect major organs
3 parts
sternum
ribs
thoracic cavity
58
Q

ribs

A 
true ribs (pairs 1-7)
false ribs (pairs 8-12)
floating ribs (pairs 11-12)

Advanced Biology (5 decks)

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