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Advanced Biology > Chapter 2- Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Tissues Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Connective Tissue Characteristics

A

Variations in blood supply

  • some are well vascularized
  • some are avascular (poor blood supply)
  • nonliving cells that surround living cells
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1
Q

Connective tissue

A

Found everywhere in the body
Includes the most abundant and widespread tissues
Functions - binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection

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2
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

2 main elements
Ground substance: mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
-fibers
–produced by the cells
–3 types
—collagen (white), elastic (yellow), reticular

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3
Q

Connective tissue types

A

Bone, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue (adipose, areolar, reticular)

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4
Q

Bone

A 
Osseous tissue
Composed of 
- bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
- hard matrix of calcium salts
- large numbers of calcium fibers 
Protect and support the body
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5
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A 
Most common 
Composed of
- abundant collagen fibers 
-rubbery matrix 
Locations 
-larynx 
-entire fetal skeleton before birth
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6
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Highly compressible
Location
-cushion like discs between vertebrae

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7
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Provides elasticity
Location
-supports the external ear

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9
Q

Dense connective tissue

A 
Dense fibrous tissue
Main matrix element is collagen fibers 
Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers 
Locations
Tendons:attach skeletal muscle to bone
Ligaments: attach bone to bone at joints 
Dermis: lower layers of skin
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10
Q

Loose Connective Tissue types

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular connective tissue, blood

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11
Q

Areolar Tissue

A 
most widely spread
soft, pliable, like cobwebs
packing tissue
contains all fiber types
can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
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12
Q

Adipose Tissue

A 
Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
many cells contain large lipid deposits 
funtions
-insluates 
-protects organs
-site of fuel storage
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13
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A 
Delicate network of interwoven fibers
locations
-forms stroma (Internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
-- lymph nodes
--spleen
--bone marrow
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14
Q

Blood (vascular tissue)

A

Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma
fibers are visible during clotting
functions as the transport vehicle for transport

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15
Q

Muscle Tissue Types

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

produce movement

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16
Q

Muscle Tissue Types

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth, nervous

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17
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A 
voluntary control
contracts to pull on bones or skin
produces gross body movements or facial expressions
characteristics
-striated
-multinucleate
-long, cylindrical cells
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18
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A 
involuntary control
found only in heart
pump blood 
characteristics
-striated
-one nucleus per cell
-cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
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19
Q

Smooth Muscle

A 
involuntary
found in walls of hallow organs such as stomach, uterus, & blood vessels
characteristics
-no striations
-one nucleus per cell
-spindle shaped cells
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20
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

composed of neurons and nerve support cells
send impulses to other areas of the body
-irritability
-conductivity
support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and support neurons

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21
Q

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

A

Regeneration

Fibrosis

22
Q

Regeneration

A

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

23
Q

Fibrosis

A

repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue

scar tissue

24
Q

Whether regeneration or fibrosis occurs depends on

A

types of tissue damaged

severity of the injury

25
Q

Events in Tissue Repair

A

Inflammation
Granulation Tissue Forms
Regeneration of surface epithelium

26
Q

Inflammation

A

Capillaries become very permeable
clotting proteins migrate to the area from the blood stream
clot walls off the injury

27
Q

Granulation Tissue Forms

A

growth of new capillaries

rebuild collagen fibers

28
Q

Regeneration of surface epithelium

A

scab detaches

29
Q

Tissues that Regenerate Easily

A 
Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)
Fibrous connective tissues and bones
30
Q

Tissues that regenerate Poorly

A

skeletal muscle

31
Q

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

A

cardiac muscle

nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

32
Q

Developmental Aspects of Tissue

A

Epithelial Tissue arises from all 3 primary germ layers
Muscle and Connective Tissue arise from the mesoderm
nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm
with old age, there is a decrease in mass and viability in most tissues

33
Q

concepts of cell theory

A

basic structural and functional unit of living things
activity of an organism is based on collective activity of its cells
principle of complementarity states the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific sub-cellular structures
continuity of life has a cellular basis

34
Q

chemical components of cells

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

35
Q

Cells and tissues

A

carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
cells are building blocks of all living things
tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

36
Q

Body Tissues

A 
4 primary types
-epithelial tissue (epithelium)
-connective tissue
-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue
-epithelial tissue
locations
-body covering
-body linings
-glandular tissue
functions
-protection
-absorption
-filtration
-secretion
37
Q

Epithelium Characteristics

A 
fit close together
form sheets
apical surface: free surface of the tissue 
lower surface: basement membrane
avascular
regenerate easily if well nourished
38
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A 
Number of cell layers
-simple: one layer
-stratified: multiple layers
Shape of Cells
-squamous (flattened)
-cuboidal (cube-shaped) 
-columnar (column-like)
39
Q

Simple Squamous

A 
single layer
forms membranes
-lines body cavities
-lines lungs and capillaries
functions
-diffusion 
-filtration
-secretion
of membranes
40
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A 
single layer
locations
-common in glands and their ducts
-forms walls of kidney tubules
-covers the ovaries
functions
-secretion
-absorption
simple epithelia
41
Q

Simple Columnar

A 
single layer
mucus-producing goblet cells
location
-lines digestive tract
functions
-secretion 
-absorption
42
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A

Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
often looks like double layer, but all cells rest on the basement membrane
location
-respiratory tract
functions
-absorption
-secretion

43
Q

Stratified squamous

A 
cells at the apical surface are flattened 
function
-protection where friction is common
locations
-lining of the skin, mouth, esophagus
44
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

2 layer cuboidal cells

protection

45
Q

Stratified Columnar

A

surface cells are columnar
cells underneath vary in size and shape
protection

46
Q

Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar

A

RARE in human body

found mainly in ducts or large glands

47
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium
shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching
functions
-stretching and being able to return to normal shape
location
-lines organs of the urinary system

48
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

1 or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
secretions contain protein molecules in aqueous (water-based) fluid
2 major gland types
-endocrine
-exocrine

49
Q

Endocrine gland

A

DUCTLESS since secretions diffuse into blood vessels

all secretions are hormones

50
Q

Exocrine gland

A

secretions empty through DUCTS to the epithelial surface

include sweat and oil glands

Advanced Biology (5 decks)

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