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Brain & Cognition > Chapter 4: Sensory Systems and Perceptions: Auditory, Mechanical and Chemical Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sensory Systems and Perceptions: Auditory, Mechanical and Chemical Senses Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

resonance

A

tendency of any physical object to vibrate maximally at a certain frequency

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2
Q

tone

A

sound heard in response to a particular frequency of vibration or combination of vibrations that are strongly periodic

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3
Q

noise

A

sound stimulus that is aperiodic

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4
Q

sound wave

A

periodic compression and rarefaction of air molecules underlying a sound stimulus

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5
Q

harmonic series

A

series of vibratory modes evident in the spectra produced by resonating objects

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6
Q

sound spectrum

A

analysis of a sound stimulus showing the distribution of power as a function of frequency

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7
Q

fundamental frequency

A

first vibratory mode in the harmonic series evident in the sound spectra generated by a vibrating string or column of air

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8
Q

external ear

A

cartilaginous elements of the visible ear (the pinna and concha)

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9
Q

middle ear

A

portion of the ear between the eardrum and the oval window; contains the three small bones that amplify sound stimuli mechanically

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10
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

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11
Q

oval window

A

site where the middle-ear bones transfer vibrational energy to the cochlea

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12
Q

cochlea

A

portion of the inner ear specialized for transducing sound energy into neural signals

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13
Q

basilar membrane

A

membranous sheet in the cochlea of the inner ear that contains the receptor cells (hair cells) that initiate audition

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14
Q

hair cells

A

receptor cell in the inner ear for transducing sound stimuli (or other mechanical stimuli in the case of vestibular hair cells) into neural signals

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15
Q

tonotopic organization

A

central arrangement of tone analysis in the auditory system that roughly corresponds to the peripheral responsiveness of the basilar membrane

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16
Q

inferior colliculus

A

Paired structures on the dorsal surface of the midbrain; concerned with auditory processing

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17
Q

superior olivary complex

A

complex of brainstem nuclei in the primary auditory pathway

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18
Q

nucleus of the lateral lemniscus

A

brainstem nucleus in the primary auditory pathway

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19
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

thalamic nucleus in the primary auditory pathway

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20
Q

primary auditory cortex/ A1/

A

cortical target of the neurons in the medial geniculate nucleus; the terminus of the primary auditory pathway

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21
Q

primary auditory pathway

A

pathway from the inner ear to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

22
Q

secondary auditory cortex/ A2/ belt areas

A

cortical region surrounding the primary auditory cortex

23
Q

loudness

A

sensory quality elicited by the intensity of sound stimuli

24
Q

pitch

A

ordered perception of higher or lower tones along a continuum that is related to, but not strictly defined by, the frequencies of sine wave stimuli and the more complex periodicities in natural sound stimuli

25
Q

timbre

A

quality of sound by which stimuli that elicit the same pitch and loudness are distinguished; often taken to arise from the distribution of power in the waveform, as opposed to its periodicity

26
Q

auditory scene

A

overall perception of the auditory environment at any point in time. Analogous to the perception of a visual scene

27
Q

interaural time difference

A

difference in the time of arrival of a sound stimulus at the two ears; contributes to sound localization

28
Q

interaural intensity difference

A

difference in the intensity of a sound stimulus at the two ears; contributes to sound localization

29
Q

coincidence detector

A

neuron that detects simultaneous events, as in sound localization

30
Q

delay line

A

time delay generated by axons of different lengths; a mechanism important in coincidence detection

31
Q

pain/ nociceptive and temperature system

A

system for warning an animal about potentially harmful stimuli. While largely responsive to mechanical stimuli, it is also closely related to responses to temperature and noxious chemicals

32
Q

ventral posterior nuclear complex

A

group of thalamic nuclei that receives the somatosensory projections from the dorsal column nuclei and the trigeminal nuclear complex

33
Q

primary somatosensory cortex/ S1

A

cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe that receives mechanosensory input from the thalamus

34
Q

somatotopic map

A

corresponding anatomical arrangement of the sensory periphery and its central representation

35
Q

secondary somatosensory cortex/ S2

A

higher-order somatosensory map in the parietal lobe adjacent to S1

36
Q

pain

A

highly unpleasant percepts generated by stimuli that are potentially damaging

37
Q

nociceptor

A

cell that responds specifically to potentially harmful stimuli

38
Q

olfactory system

A

sensory system that includes the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity, the olfactory tract, and olfactory bulbs; mediates the perception of odors

39
Q

taste/ gustatory system

A

peripheral and central components of the nervous system dedicated to processing and perceiving taste stimuli

40
Q

trigeminal chemosensory system

A

chemosensory system that responds to irritating chemicals that enter the nose or mouth

41
Q

odor

A

perception elicited by a soluble chemical that interacts with olfactory receptors

42
Q

taste

A

sensory modality comprising the perception of substances placed in the mouth

43
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

pseudostratified epithelium that contains olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and mucus-secreting glands in the nasal cavity

44
Q

glomerulus (pl. glomeruli)

A

any of the characteristic collections of neurons in the olfactory bulb that are formed by dendrites of mitral cells and terminals of olfactory receptor cells, as well as the axons and dendrites of local interneurons

45
Q

olfactory bulb

A

olfactory relay station that receives axons from the olfactory cranial nerve and transmits this information via the olfactory tract to higher centers

46
Q

olfactory tract

A

projection from the olfactory bulbs to higher olfactory centers

47
Q

pyriform cortex

A

component of the cerebral cortex in the temporal lobe pertinent to olfaction; so named because of its pearlike shape

48
Q

pheromone

A

chemical signal produced by an animal such as a rodent, typically from glands, that mediates aspects of social communication

49
Q

taste bud

A

onion-shaped structure in the mouth or pharynx that contains taste cells

50
Q

nucleus of the solitary tract

A

brainstem nucleus that integrates gustatory and other information relevant to the autonomic control of the gut and other autonomic target organs

51
Q

insula

A

portion of the cerebral cortex that is buried within the depths of the Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)

Brain & Cognition (8 decks)

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