Chapter 2: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards
agonist
neuropharmacological agent that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
antagonist
neuropharmacological agent that opposes or interferes with the action of a neurotransmitter
blocked design
task design used in PET studies and sometimes in fMRI studies where multiple trials of the same type are grouped together in blocks. The brain activity is then analyzed by comparing neural activity across the entire block against blocks containing another type of trials, or with a different cognitive condition
blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)
measurement of brain activity using fMRI that is based on the local variations in deoxygenated hemoglobin that result from the changes in blood flow induced by neural activity
coactivation
areas of the brain are said to be coactivated if they both show higher activity in a specific task. Statistically, coactivation is reflected by a positive correlation of activity between two areas
computerized tomography (CT)
imaging method in which X-rays acquired at multiple angles are used to build a three-dimensional structural image of biological tissue
dendritic field potentials
electrical potential induced in the dendritic tree of a neuron by input from the axons of other neurons; this electrical activity can often also be detected at the scalp as an EEG or ERP response
diaschisis
disruption of the function of one brain area caused by focal damage to another, distant part of the brain. Often, the proper functioning of a brain area relies upon receiving input and stimulation from other, distant areas, so that if a distant area is damaged, the “down-stream” area can be affected as well
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
method of MRI that can show the preferred directions of diffusion within tissue; useful for the imaging of fiber tracts of the brain
dopamine system
refers to the circuits in the brain that include neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine. The dopaminergic neurons, which are mostly located in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain, the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the hypothalamus, have been particularly associated with reward
double dissociation
functional relationship in which one area of the brain is experimentally shown to be associated with a particular task or cognitive function and not with another task or function, whereas another area is shown to be involved in the second task or function but not the first. This demonstration thus distinguishes the cognitive roles of different regions in a more rigorous way than does simply showing that the two regions in question respond differently
dynamic causal modelling
successor to structural equation modelling which testsdirectionalmodels of functional connectivity against brain data to determine the relative likelihood of the activity in one area of the brain causing the activity in others
event-related design
task design used in fMRI studies in which trials or events of different types may follow one another in randomized order and the neural responses from the different events can be extracted from the measured signals. Analogous to the extraction of event-related potentials (ERPs) from ongoing EEG and to the construction of peristimulus histograms from single-neuron recordings
event-related optical signals (EROS)
noninvasive optical imaging approach based on the fact that when brain tissue is illuminated, even through the skull, the amount of transmitted versus scattered light varies as a function of whether the neuronal tissue is electrically active
event-related potential (ERP)
voltage fluctuations in an ongoing brain EEG that are triggered by sensory and/or cognitive events; the changes reflect the summed electrical activity of neuronal populations specifically responding to those events and are extracted from the ongoing EEG by time-locked averaging
extracellular recording
recording the electrical potentials in the extracellular space near active neurons