Chapter 4 - Rocks and Minerals

Question 1

rocks

Answer 1

solid materials composed of minerals

Question 2

silicate minerals

Answer 2

(silicon+oxygen, SiO2) include quartz, mica, feldspar, hornblende, augite, and olivine, which are initially crystallized from magma. Quartz may also from in voids within sedimentary rocks by precipitation from aqueous solutions

Question 3

intrusive igneous

Answer 3

igneous rock that cools and solidifies below the surface

Question 4

extrusive igneous

Answer 4

cool above the Earth’s surface, exposed to the atmosphere or ocean; basalt is an example

Question 5

calcite

Answer 5

main constituent of the carbonate rock limestone

Question 6

calcite

Answer 6

predominant mineral in limestone; notable cleavage in 3 directions, creating rhombohedrons

Question 7

clastic sedimentary rocks

Answer 7

composed of fragments of weathered rock that have been transported

Question 8

metamorphism

Answer 8

“change of form”

Question 9

contact metamorphism

Answer 9

occurs relatively locally, around the margins of molten rock

Question 10

regional metamorphism

Answer 10

occurs on a larger scale and is usually associated with the pressures of mountain-building

Question 11

mineral

Answer 11

naturally occurring, solid, inorganic substance having a specific chemical composition and a specific crystal structure

Question 12

color

Answer 12

used in identification of a mineral

Question 13

streak

Answer 13

the color of a mineral when it is ground to powder

Question 14

luster

Answer 14

the way a mineral shines in reflected light

Question 15

cleavage

Answer 15

the tendency of a mineral to break evenly along one or more bright, planar surfaces

Question 16

hardness

Answer 16

a mineral’s resistance to scratching by another substance of known hardness

Question 17

Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness

Answer 17

1-10 1 Talc; 2 Gypsum; 3 Calcite; 4 Fluorite; 5 Apatite; 6 Orthoclase; 7 Quartz; 8 Topaz; 9 Corundum; 10 Diamond

Question 18

density

Answer 18

mass per unit volume - density = mass/volumen

Question 19

crystal habit

Answer 19

the way a mineral has grown by means of regualar addition of ions to its surfaces from a liquid solution, a gas, or molten rock

Question 20

magnetism, taste, flexibility and feel

Answer 20

other ways to identify minerals

Question 21

igneous rocks

Answer 21

formwhen molten rock cools and crystallizes

Question 22

sedimentary rocks

Answer 22

formwhen sediment becomes compressed and/r cemented over time

Question 23

metamorphic rocks

Answer 23

undergo change in form due to the action of heat, pressure, or chemical activity

Question 24

plutons

Answer 24

very large masses of intrusive igneous rocks

Question 25

tuff

Answer 25

consolidated volcanic ash

Question 26

pumice

Answer 26

vesicular glass

Question 27

porphyritic texture

Answer 27

a mixture of fine and large crystals in an igneous rock

Question 28

partial melting

Answer 28

a rock that is exposed to high temperature partially melts, and the liquid is transported to a new location

Question 29

fractional crystallization

Answer 29

the opposite of partial melting; when a mineral partially melts and solids settle out, leaving minerals richer in silica remaining

Question 30

lithification

Answer 30

“making into rock” the process in which sedimentary rocks form

Question 31

strata

Answer 31

horizontal layers of sedimentary rock secondary to the principle of original horizontality

Question 32

clastic texture

Answer 32

composed of clasts; grains and broken fragments of minerals, rocks and fossils

Question 33

Clastic sedimentary rocks are also known as ____?

Answer 33

detrital

Question 34

evaporites

Answer 34

chemically precipitated rocks that are formed as a result of evaporation of saline water bodies

Question 35

foliation

Answer 35

is the parallel alignment of mineral grains in a rock