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Clinical Reasoning > Chapter 4 - Respiratory Distress > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Respiratory Distress Flashcards

1
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma resulting from either infectious or non-infectious causes.

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2
Q

What are infectious organisms?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa

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3
Q

Common extrinsic factors for asthma:

A 
Smoking
Exercise
Dust mites
Pet hair
Pollen
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4
Q

Intrinsic factors for asthma:

A

Aspirin
Beta-blockers
Viral infections
Emotional distress

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5
Q

Diaphoretic-

A

Sweaty

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6
Q

Febrile

A

High temperature

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7
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increased heart rate

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8
Q

Tachypnoeic

A

Increased reap rate

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9
Q

ABG’s

A

A test of gases and pH in arterial blood

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10
Q

Coarse rales -

A

A series of short low popping sounds, also called crackles

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11
Q

Haemoptysis

A

Coughing bloody sputum

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12
Q

Working out Fi02%

A

4 x 02 rate (6L/min) + 20

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13
Q

Pneumonia affects gas exchange in which structures of the lungs?

A

Alveoli

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14
Q

Assessment of patient with pneumonia includes-

A 
White cell count
Mental status 
FBC/Serum electrolytes 
Breath sounds 
?Purse lip breathing
Use or accessory muscles
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15
Q

A person with pneumonia is likely to display which lung sound on auscultation?

A

Rales (Crackles)

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16
Q

The body’s respiratory centre is primarily stimulated by:

A

A rise in blood carbon dioxide

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17
Q

Common causes for low arterial oxygen levels (hypoxaemia).

A 
Hypoxia
Hypoventilation
Ventilation
Perfusion mismatch 
Diffusion abnormalities
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18
Q

Inflammation of pneumonia is most likely to cause an alteration in:

A

Diffusion of gases

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19
Q

When dealing with a very breathless patient ask what kind of questions?

A

Yes / No

Closed ended

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20
Q

Groups of people most likely affected by pneumonia:

A

Elderly
Alcoholics
Immunocompromised
Chronic illness

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21
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Build up of fluid in the space between the lung and chest wall

22
Q

Empyema

A

Pockets of pus that form in the space between lung and chest wall

23
Q

Productive cough

A

Sputum material coughed up from the lungs

24
Q

Lung abscess

A

Pockets of pus that form in the lung itself

25
Q

Secondary infection due to medication

A

Secondary bacterial lung infection after a viral infection

26
Q

Bacteraemia or septicaemia

A

Bacteria in the bloodstream or throughout the body

27
Q

Dyspnoea

A

Clinical sign of hypoxia, manifested by a feeling of breathlessness

28
Q

Fatigue

A

Subjective sensation of a patient reporting loss of endurance

29
Q

Malaise

A

Generalised feeling of being unwell

30
Q

Normal Pa02 for a healthy 30yom would be between:

A

80-100

31
Q

Normal PaC02 for a 30yom would be between:

A

35-45

32
Q

A normal pH for a 30yom would be between:

A

7.35 - 7.45

33
Q

When someone has a fever due to pneumonia, what would you expect in this instance?

A

Haemoglobin would release oxygen more readily and bind it less readily

34
Q

Most important cue cluster for a patient with pneumonia:

A 
Tachypnea 
Fever
Purulent sputum
A cough
Coarse rales 
Oxygen saturation lower than normal
35
Q

Early signs of hypoxia include:

A 
Tachypnoea or bradypnoea 
Tachycardia or bradycardia 
Pa02 50-60mmHg
PaC02 59-60mmHg
Confusion
36
Q

Late signs of hypoxia include:

A 
Tachypnoea or bradypnoea 
Cyanosis 
Unresponsiveness to verbal command 
Tachycardia or bradycardia 
Pa02 <50mmHg
PaC02 > 60mmHg
Sp02 <90%
37
Q

Nasal prongs flow rate:

A

2-4 litres

Fi02 - 0.24 - 0.36

38
Q

Hudson mask flow rate:

A

6-15 litres per minute

Fi02 - 0.4-0.6

39
Q

Non-rebreather mask flow rate:

A

10-15 litres per minute

Fi02 0.6-0.9

40
Q

High flowers position will:

A

Assist in lung expansion

41
Q

Wheezes are caused by:

A

Narrowed airways

42
Q

An asthma attack is caused by substances released from mast cells which cause:

A

Broncho-constriction and inflammation

43
Q

Peak exploratory flow rate can be defined as:

A

The maximum amount of air that a person is capable of expiring during forced expiration.

44
Q

Expiration occurs when:

A

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax.

45
Q

The most characteristic alteration in lung volume that is caused by air trapping in asthma is:

A

Functional residual capacity

46
Q

Reversibility of airflow obstruction is necessary to -

A

Diagnose asthma

47
Q

What breath sound is not suggestive of asthma?

A

Stridor

48
Q

Characteristics of asthma include:

A

SOB
Cough
Chest tightness
Wheeze

49
Q

Side effects of bronchodilators include:

A

Palpitations and tremors

50
Q

Interventions for long term management of asthma include:

A

1- provide written/verbal instructions for future reference
2- teach the correct use of PEFR meter(peak flow)
3- Implement strategies to decrease anxiety
4 - Discuss lifestyle changes such as warming up slowly before exercising in cold weather

Clinical Reasoning (5 decks)

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