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Neuropharmacology > Chapter 4: Research Techniques > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Research Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Simple Behavioral Observation

A

tremors, ptosis (drooping eyelids), salivation, catalepsy (sensation of movement)

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2
Q

Measures of Motor Activity

A
  • identify drugs that produce sleep, sedation, loss of coordination, or drugs that stimulate activity
  • open field- rodents run around open field and explore whole box
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3
Q

Measures of Learning and Memory

A
  • Morris water maze

- Delayed- response test

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4
Q

Morris water maze

A
  • circular pool of water made opaque by addition of milk or dye
  • animals must swim until they find escape platform hidden from view just below water surface
  • animals learn spatial position of platform relative to landmarks outside the pool
  • depends on hippocampal memory system
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5
Q

Delayed- response test

A
  • similar to evaluating working memory in humans

- a delay between stimulus presentation (food) and testing evaluates recall for the position of food

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6
Q

Measures of Anxiety

A
  • Light- dark crossing
  • Elevated plus-maze
  • Conditioned emotional response
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7
Q

Light- dark crossing

A
  • unconditioned anxiety
  • animals naturally avoid brightly lit places
  • L-D box has one side brightly lit and the other side is dark
  • measures include number of crossings, time spent on each side, total motor activity
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8
Q

Elevated plus-maze

A
  • unconditioned anxiety
  • cross-shaped maze raised off the floor
  • two arms are open, and two ars have enclosed sides
  • antianxiety drugs increase amount of exploration of the open arms
  • drugs that increase anxiety decrease exploration of open arms
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9
Q

Conditioned emotional responses

A
  • presentation of a signal (a light or tone, CS) is followed by an unavoidable electric shock (US)
  • after conditioning (US+CS pairing), the signal (CS) will elicit a conditioned response (CR or CER)
    - conditioned freezing
    - fear- potentiated startle
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10
Q

Measure of Depression- Like Behavior

A
  • Forced swim test

- Sucrose preference test

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11
Q

Forced swim test

A
  • behavioral despair
  • animal must swim in a cylinder from which it can’t escape
  • immobility reflects a lowered mood
  • animal model of hopelessness
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12
Q

Sucrose preference test

A
  • anhedonia, inability to derive pleasure from normally pleasurable events
  • animals are given a choice of water or sucrose solution, which they normally prefer
  • a variety of stressors can reduce sucrose preference
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13
Q

Drug Self- Administration

A
  • an indicator of abuse potential in humans
  • varying the schedule of reinforcement determines how hard an animal will work for drug
  • breaking point
  • also used to study withdrawal and/ or relapse
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14
Q

Breaking Point

A

point at which effort required exceeds reinforcing value- the higher the breaking point, the higher the abuse potential

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15
Q

Optogenetics

A

manipulates neural circuits using light

- can activate/ inhibit certain channels

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16
Q

Chemogenetics

A

puts in receptors to artificially activate secondary messengers
- designer receptor activated by designer drug (DReADD)

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17
Q

Lesioning

A

uses stereotaxic device to position delicate electrode deep within brain
- tissue at tip is destroyed when current goes through electrode

18
Q

Neurotoxins

A

chemical that damages nerve cells

- can be injected via cannula (hollow tube instrument)

19
Q

Microdialysis

A

also uses stereotaxic surgery

- lets us measure NTs released in specific brain regions while subject is engaged in behavior

20
Q

In Vivo Voltametry

A

uses stereotaxically implanted microelectrodes to measure neurochemicals in ECF of freely moving animals

21
Q

Macroelectrodes

A

used to activate cells at tip while changes in animal behavior is evaluated during stimulation

  • can also be used to record summated electrical response in specific brain region
22
Q

Microelectrode

A

single- unit recording of electrical into single cell

Intracellular Recording- implanting fine-tipped electrode into single cell
Extracellular Recording- measures ECF near single cell

23
Q

Patch Clamp Electrophysiology

A

used to study function of individual ion channels

24
Q

Antibody Production

A

protein produced by WBCs to recognize, attack and destroy antigens
- researchers use antibodies that bind to specific proteins to locate then in brain

25
Q

Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

1.
2.
3.
4.

A

Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

  1. Brain is fixed (hardened) using preservative
  2. Tissue slices are out and incubated with antibody in solution
  3. Antibody attaches to antigen
  4. Antibody is tagged so antigen contain cells can be visualized

*more selective than autoradiography because antibodies are used

26
Q

[…] uses antibodies to detect specific proteins in tissue rather than slice

A

Western blot uses antibodies to detect specific proteins in tissue rather than slice

27
Q

Radioimmunoassay

A

based on competitive binding of antibody to antigen

- highly specific and highly sensitive

28
Q

Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

A

relies on enzyme that acts (instead of radioactivity detection) to form a colored product

29
Q

In Situ Hybridization (ISH)

A

used to locate cells in tissue slices that make particular protein/ peptide
- useful for detecting specific mRNA responsible for directing the production of many proteins

30
Q

DNA Microassays

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A

DNA Microassays- able to examine all genes simultaneously

  1. Tissue to be evaluated is dissected
  2. mRNAs are isolated and labeled
  3. Hybridize to large number of immobilized DNA molecules on chip
  4. Scanner evaluates extent of hybridization
  5. Computer analysis is used to identify patterns of gene activity
31
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT)

A

increases resolution of image and provides image in 3D

32
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

measures distinct waves that different atoms emit when placed in strong magnetic field and activated by radio-frequency waves

33
Q

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)

A

uses MRI- generated data to calculate concentration of brain chemicals and metabolic changes

34
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

scans microscopic 3D movement of water in neural tissue

- SPECT is similar, but radiolabeled probes are cheaper

35
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

can detect increases in blood oxygenation due to cell activity
- looks at hemoglobin specifically

36
Q

Resting- State fMRI (rs-fMRI)

A

used to look at connectivity among brain regions when individual is awake, but not doing anything

37
Q

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI)

A

look at drug mechanisms by analyzing changes in brain function following drug administration and identifies location of drug action in CNS

38
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

electrodes are used to record electrical activity

reflects sum of electrical events of populations of neurons

39
Q

Quantitative EEG (qEEG)

A

analysis of large amounts of data collected with EEG

40
Q

Event- Related Potentials (ERP)

A

changes in response to momentary sensory stimulation

Neuropharmacology (15 decks)

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