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Neuropharmacology > Chapter 2: Structure and Function of NS/ Chapter 3: Chemical Signaling > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Structure and Function of NS/ Chapter 3: Chemical Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic- thoracic and lumbar autonomic nerves (sensory and motor)
Parasympathetic- sacral autonomic nerves and cranial nerves (sensory and motor)

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2
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

spinal and cranial nerves- motor and sensory nerves

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3
Q

Embryonic Development

A

Forebrain –> telencephalon, diencephalon
Midbrain –> mesencephalon
Hindbrain –> metencephalon, myelencephalon

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4
Q

Telencephalon

A

neocortex
basal ganglia
limbic system

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5
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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6
Q

Metencephalon

A

cerebellum

pons

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7
Q

Myelencephalon

A

medulla

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8
Q

Physiological Response to Stress

A

picture on phone

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9
Q

Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

A
  1. Synthesis
    - A+B–> NT (with help of enzymes)
    - stored in vesicles
  2. Release
  3. Receptor Activation
    - Intracellular signaling
    - ionotropic
    - metabotropic
  4. Inactivation
    - degradation (using enzymes in synapse)
    - reuptake (more common)
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10
Q

3 classes of neurotransmitter

A
  • small molecule NT (about the size of amino acid)
  • peptide NT (3-40 amino acids put together)
  • unconventional NT
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11
Q

Small molecule NT

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Amino Acids: glutamate, GABA
  • Biogenic Amines: serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
  • Purines: adenosine, ATP
  • synthesized in final form
  • synthesis in NT
    - enzymes localized to NT
    - often a rate-limiting step
    - formed in nerve terminal
  • site of action close to release site
  • reuptake mechanism and vesicle recycling
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12
Q

Peptide NT

A
  • Opioids
  • Hypothalamic RF’s
  • Vasopressin, Oxytocin
  • synthesis of precursor
  • synthesis required in soma
    - transcription, translation
    - transport to NT
  • site of action often distant from release site
    - released into blood
  • enzymatic termination, no vesicle recycling
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13
Q

The synaptic vesicle cycle

A
  • vesicles are constantly being recycled
  • exocytosis:
    - mobilization, docking/ priming, fusion/ release
  • endocytosis:
    - clathrin- mediated
    - clathrin- independent (faster)
    - incomplete fusion (kiss- and- run)
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14
Q

Unconventional NTs

A
  • not stored in vesicles
  • not released by exocytosis
  • signaling still depends on Ca2+ to initiate signals
  • nitric oxide (NO): gas
  • endocannabinoids: fatty acids
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15
Q

Autoreceptors

A
  • a receptor for the same transmitter released by the axon
  • terminal autoreceptors (on nerve terminal)
    - release- modulating: inhibitory
  • somatodendritic
    - activity modulating: like postsynaptic receptors

ex. 5-HT receptor on 5-HT releasing receptor

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16
Q

2 primary mechanisms inactivate neurotransmission

A

enzymatic breakdown

reuptake

17
Q

Enzymatic Breakdown

A
  • in the synapse (AChE)
  • in the nerve terminal (MAO, COMT)
  • in blood (peptidases)
18
Q

Reuptake

A
  • energy dependent pumps move transmitter
    - into the nerve terminal
    - into glia
    - eg. glutamate, GABA
19
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

ligand-gated ion channels

  • fast transmission
  • no intermediate chemical steps
  • directly changes membrane permeability
  • 5 subunits surrounding pore
20
Q

Metabotropic Receptors

A

G protein-coupled receptor

  • slow activation, long-lasting effects
  • alters intracellular biochemistry
  • 7 membrane spanning coils
  • NT binding sites
21
Q

Cyclic AMP system

A

Effector- adenylyl cyclase
2nd messenger- cAMP
Kinase- PKA

22
Q

Phospholipase C system

A

Effector- PLC
2nd messenger- IP3, DAG
Kinase- PKC

23
Q

Other types of receptors

A

Tyrosine kinase- growth factor

Steroid hormone- intracellular

24
Q

Nerve Synapse

A

Synthesis:

  1. drug serves as NT precursor
  2. drug inhibits NT synthesis
  3. drug prevents storage of NT in vesicles

Release:

  1. drug stimulates release of NT
  2. drug inhibits release of NT

Receptors:

  1. drug stimulates postsynaptic receptors
  2. drug blocks postsynaptic receptors

Release:

  1. drug stimulates autoreceptors; inhibits release of NT
  2. drug blocks autoreceptors; increases releases of NT

Inactivation:

  1. drug inhibits NT degradation
  2. drug blocks reuptake

Neuropharmacology (15 decks)

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