Chapter 4: Psychological Disciplines Flashcards
How is developmental psychology related to SALT?
- Piaget - cognitive development.
0-2 years - sensorimotor period - learn through sensory/motor interactions.
12 years - final stage - formal operational stage - hypothetical-deductive thinking first established. - Theory of the Mind (ToM) - ability to attribute mental states e.g. beliefs and intentions to one’s own mind and others - allows us to predict others behaviours.
ToM impaired e.g. autism - language use/understanding is affected.
How is educational psychology related to SALT?
Knowledge about learning and developed in an educational setting.
Several are SEND.
Reports created by medical, health and educational professionals.
E.g. dyslexia, dyscalculia.
How is cognitive psychology related to SALT?
Study of human cognition and particular mental functions e.g. attention, perception, memory, language, reasoning and learning.
E.g. attention - ADHD.
E.g. memory - Dementia.
How is cognitive neuropsychology related to SALT?
Study of patterns of cognitive impairment by brain-damaged people with a view to increasing our understanding of normal human cognition.
Theory of modularity - assumption that the cognitive system consists of independent modules.
Each module is specialised for a given type of processing (processing of linguistic data).
How is neuropsychology related to SALT?
Explains the way in which brain activity is expressed in observed behaviour.
Two strands:
1. Clinical neuropsychology - strongly related.
Used to assess cognitive strengths and weaknesses in developmental disorders e.g. ADHD.
Monitor progress in regaining cognitive skills in adults (TBI).
Must be aware of neuro-psychological tests and understand findings to assess response.
2. Experimental neuropsychology.
How is clinical psychology related to SALT?
Integrates science of psychology with the prevention, assessment, diagnoses, and treatment of a wide range of mental, emotional and behavioural disorders.
Work alongside in the management of clients.
E.g. mental health teams, criminal justice system, gender reassignment, head and neck cancer.
Why are motor skill milestones relevant to SALT?
Skills emerge, undergo maturation then deteriorate.
Speech production - motor activity.
Delays in gross motor skills often coincide with speech production delays.
What is Piaget’s theory of equilibrium?
Cognitive development happens via adaption and equilibrium.
New experiences - child assimilates them into cognitive structures - ‘schemes’.
If assimilation cannot be achieved - state of cognitive disequilibrium is achieved.
Child must accommodate scheme/adjust.
Accommodation - Child must notice feature in environment then reflect on its significance - reflective abstraction.
If achieved - child is returned to state of cognitive equilibrium.
What are Piaget’s different stages of cognitive development?
Macro-equilibration - larger cognitive structure undergo equilibrium - children begin to have new and sophisticated ways of thinking.
- Sensorimotor stage.
- Preoperational stage.
- Concrete operational thought.
- Formal operational thought.
What happens in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
0-2 years.
Children only know what their sensory and motor interactions can tell them.
It cannot have thoughts about the toy or that it is no longer within grasp.
What happens in Piaget’s preoperational stage?
2-7 years.
Child increases use of symbols in language and play.
Emergence of logic.
Intuitive thought e.g. animism (idea that things have conscious thoughts) and artificialism (people/objects are being controlled by other agents).
Unable to do conservation tasks.
What happens in Piaget’s concrete operational thought stage?
7-12 years.
Able to do conservation tasks - decentred thinking - able to consider multiple aspects of a problem.
Exhibits reversibility - observes rules of logic.
What happens in Piaget’s final operational thought stage?
12+ years.
Capacity for hypothetical-deductive reasoning - involves abstract concepts.
Able to engage with justice and morality.
However some may have immaturities - adolescent egocentrism - inability to distinguish one’s own abstract thoughts with others.
Mature cognition is finally realised in adulthood.
Further reorganisation in adulthood - but no more different forms of thinking are formed.
What is ToM?
Ability to attribute mental states to one’s own mind and to the mind of others with a view of predicting and explaining human behaviour.
Includes mental states e.g. cognitive (knowledge and beliefs) and affective states (happiness).
Use ToM to interpret what utterances of others e.g. sarcasm.
Useful for the development in children and deterioration in adults.
What is the standard test of ToM?
False belief test - Sally-Anne experiment.
Two dolls - Mum and John.
Mum puts two balls of wool in drawer and leaves.
John comes in and plays with the wool and leaves them in a different place - the cupboard.
Mum comes in and asks John to get the wool from the drawer - false belief.
John can pass false belief test by getting the wool from the cupboard instead - he can entertain the idea that Mum has a different belief from his as to where the wool location is.
Begin to pass this test at 4 years - test can be altered for younger ages.
