Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Theory and Treatment Planning in Counseling & Psychotherapy > Chapter 4: Psychoanalytic & Psychodynamic Counseling & Psychotherapy > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Psychoanalytic & Psychodynamic Counseling & Psychotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Psychoanalytic & Psychodynamic Theories as Depth Psychologies

A

Explore the unconscious mind which is conceptualized as deeper than conscious mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

A

Root of all psychodynamic approaches, with ego psychology, object relations, self psychology, relational , and intersubjectivity theories being the most direct descendants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Analyst is more likely to use a blank-slate approach, often uses a couch, and typically does not engage clients with warmth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

Refers to a more standard, shorter-term (but still typically long), one session per week outpatient counseling approach that addresses a specific presenting problem rather than the project of personality analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Major schools

A 
Freudian Drive Theory
Ego Psychology
Object Relations
Self-Psychology
Relational analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Based on Freud’s original theories, classic psycoanalysis is a relatively rare but still practiced approach that focuses on analysis of innate drives and transference issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ego Psychology

A

Similar to Freudian Theory in terms of the working relationship, focuses on analysis of how the ego uses defense mechanisms to manage innate drives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Object Relations Theories

A

Using a more emphatetic and warmer counseling relationship, object relations theorists focus on repairing the client’s early object and relational patterns, often by promotive corrective emotional experiences in the counseling relationship; divided into Integrative Drive Theory and purely relational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interpersonal Analysis

A

Related to object relations, Sullivan’s interpersonal analysis is unique in that the analysis process relies heavily on observable data and focuses almost exclusively on interpersonal interactions rather than unconscious processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Self-Psychology

A

Based on the work of Kohut, involves empathic immersion in the client’s inner world, analysis of self objects, and a focus on building self esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Relational and Intersubjectivity Theories

A

Recent approaches that emphasize the intersubjective nature of reality and employ a more collaborative counseling relationship, including the co-construction of interpretations with clients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Jungian Analysis

A

Jung’s distinct approach posits a collective unconscious that shapes our personalities on the basis of universal, archetypical patterns and aims to help people self-actualize, living up to their full potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Brief Psychodynamic Theories

A

Time-limited, evidence-based approaches that have been demonstrated effective with depression and substance abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Basic Psychodynamic Assumptions

A

A person’s history affects present behaviors and relationships
There is an unconscious mind that exerts significant influence over present behavior
The personality is structured into various substructures, such as ego, id, and superego.
A person’s personality is significantly impacted by early relationships in life, especially with one’s mother or primary caretaker.
Insight into one’s personality and internaly dynamics can help resolve various psychopathologies
Clients project onto the counselor interrelational patterns from earlier unresolved issues, most often with the clients’ parents; the transference of these patterns can be analyzed and used to promote change in the counseling relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transference

A

Refers to when a client projects on the counselor attributes from unresolved issues with primary caregives; therapists use these interactions to promote client insight and work through these conflicts; process reveals unconscious templates that clients bring to relationships over and over again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Drive Theorists and Ego Psychologists’ Encouragement of Transference

A

By maintaining a neutral stance that encourages clients to project unresolved issues on to the counselor, the analyst can then interpret these for the client

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transference Patterns of Client in Object relations, Self Psychology and Relational Approaches

A

Counselor discusses the transference patterns with the client and explains how it emerged in the current relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Countertransference

A

Refers to when counselors project back into clients, losing their therapeutic neutrality and having strong emotions to the client.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Countertransference as unconscious projection

A

Represents an unconscious projection on the part of the analyst that needs to be explored in supervision, and it is often inappropriate to discuss with clients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Countertransference as conscious experiencing of the other

A

Can be used to help counselor and client better understand how others experience the client and the reactions the client may trigger in others, may be used to promote insight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Corrective Emotional Experience

A

Analyst responds differently than the client experienced in childhood to facilitate resolution of an inner conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Father of Psychoanalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anna Freud

A

Added analysis of ego functioning and defense mechanisms known as ego psychology; Recognized that motivation can come frome xternal sources, not just internal drives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Eric Erickson

A

Contributed Eight Stage model of Psychosocial Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Karen Horney

A

Female Pioneer of psychoanalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Otto Kernberg

A

Integrated drive theory and object relations theory and focused his work on borderline personality disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Melanie Klein

A

Developed a unique form of object relations therapy that incorporates both Freud’s drive theory and object relations theory and is considered to be the most influential person in the field since Freud; pioneer in child and play therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Margaret Mahler

A

Developed a theory of separation and individuation that deals with the process of psychological birth by which an infant becomes psychologically separate from its caregivers in the first 3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

William Ronald Dodds Fairbairn

A

Developed a pure object relations model; understood ego in terms of the ego striving for a relationship with an object, not merely seeking satisfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Donald Winnicot

A

Ideas have had more influence ont he understanding of the common, significant issues met by psychoanalysts and psychotherapists in their everyday practice than anyone since Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Henry Stack Sullivan

A

Approach emphasized a drive for relatedness as the primary drive rather than sex or aggression, referred to as interpersonal theory; work first to consider the impact of culture and relationships in understanding mental illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Heinz Kohut

A

Developed psychoanalytic approach of self psychology, which he developed primarily with narcissistic patiens for whom traditional analysis did not work; structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Jay Greenberg

A

Divided Psychoanalysis into two theoretically irreconcilable approaches: Freud’s drive model and the relational model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Stephen Mitchell

A

Detailed a relational model for psychoanalysis that focuses on the internal structures that are developed from the individual’s interpersonal experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Robert Stolorow

A

Leader in bringing the intersubjectivity perspective to psychodynamic work, a perspective that challenges the prevailing belief in a discrete, individual mind and instead posits that emotional experience occurs within interconnecting psychological systems or fields created by two or more people in a relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Phases of Psychodynamic Counseling

A

Listening with empathy to reduce defensiveness and increase willingness to hear interpretations
Interpretation to promote insight
Working through insight to promote new action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Listening and Empathy

A

Primary tool of psychoanalytic therapists; listening objectively to the client’s story without offering advice, reassurance, validation, and confrontation; Empathy may be used to help the client open to nondefensively hearing the therapist’s interpretation of unconscious dynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Interpretation and Promoting Insight

A

Focus is to encourage into personal and interpersonal dynamics, which the counselor promotes by offering interpretations to the client using various case conceptualization approaches; the form of case conceptualization is the most distinguishing feature between the various schools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Working Through

A

Refers to the process of repeatedly getting in touch with repressed strivings and defense responses so that the unconscious can be made conscious; facilitated by providing a realistic ego to help the client tolerate delay and anxiety as the client revisits, explores, and struggles to accept and understand drives, urges, and patterns that have been unrecognized; involves translating these into action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Refers to an intensive approach designed to create significant and sustainable personality change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Psychodynamic Counseling and Psychotherapy

A

Brief forms developed to last 12 to 16 sessions; goals are narrower, creating clear criterion for termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

General types of Human Intersubjective Approach

A

One Person Psychology

Two Person Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

One Person Psychology

A

Entire focus and process of analysis is on one person, the client; increasingly rare and only used in formal analysis that emphasizes drive theory and ego psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Two-Person Psychology

A

Includes two people, the counselor and the client; counselors are keenly aware of their impact on clients;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Neutrality

A

Allows clients to be provided with a blank slate on which clients can project unconscious material that the analyst can use to promote insight; also referred to as abstinence; allows analyst to be more of a recipient, observe client’s to study their internal and unconscious processes, and allow for transference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Holding Environment

A

Refers to the nurturing environment provided by the mother that enables the child to move from an unintegrated state to having a structured, integrated self; reduces overwhelming stimuli that the child cannot yet manage, thus requiring skills and empathy ont he part of the mother/caregiver; when applied to counseling process, refers to providing structure, consistency, and routing to filter out overwhelming stimuli and enable the client to develop the ego strength to do the work of psychoanalysis; structure of counseling process takes care of ego maintenance functions so the client has freed energy to work through and resolve conflicts and developmental crises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Empathy

A

The ability to grasp another’s internal reality; involves first grasping then sharing aloud this understanding; broadened to include emphathizing with that which the client cannot tolerate in himself, projections, and other forms of dissociation from self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Mirroring

A

Refers to the counselor confirming the client’s sense of self, both verbally and nonverbally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Assumptions of Relational Psychoanalysts

A

Analyst has a deep, personal influence ont he client and has more influence than is typically acknowledged
The impact of the analyst’s behavior can never be understood while it is happening, if ever
The analyst cannot adopt any posture, including neutrality or empathy, that guarantees a predictable atmosphere and relationship; instead, each relationship must be uniquely negotiated to suit both client and counselor
The analyst is a subjective participant in the analysis process; objective neutrality is impossible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Relational Psychoanalysis

A

Analyst’s role is to provide useful ideas and explore their relational interactions to help clients reach their goals; strive to create an intersubjective relationship with clients in which obth the analyst and client mutually influence each other, cocreating interpretations and better understandings of self and other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Personal Analysis

A

Requires that analysts go through analysis themselves in order to be helpful to clients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Areas for Potential Assessment for Psychoanalysts

A

Levels of Consciousness
Structures of the Self: Id, Ego, & Superego
Drive Theory
Psychosexual Stages of Development and Oedipal Comples
Defense Mechanisms
Good Enough Mothering and the True Self
Stages of Separation and Individuation
Narcissism and Self-Objects
Relational Matrix
Unconscious Organizaing Principles and Culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Levels of Consciousness

A

Preconscious
Conscious
Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Preconscious

A

Holds memories and experiences that a person can easily retrieve at will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Conscious

A

Includes sensations and experiences that the person is aware of, such as awareness of exhaustion, hunger,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Unconscious

A

Holds memorable thoughts, and desires that the conscious mind cannot tolerate and is the source of his work drives; largest level of consciounsness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Self

A

Organization and integration of all psychic structures that make up the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Id

A

Part of the personality motivated by instinctual drives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Ego

A

Operates according to the reality principle; part of the personality that involves intellect, cognition, defense mechanisms, and other executinve functions and serves as a mediator between the id and the superego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Superego

A

Represents ego and social ideals and generally prohibits the id’s drives and fantasies that are not socially acceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Freudian Conceptualization of Client Problems

A

Examining how the ego manages the ongoing conflicts between the id’s drives and the superego’s prohibitions; ego manages these tensions using defense mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Libido

A

Energy from inner workings of the instinctual drive that cannot be discharged; it must be managed and/or channeled by denying or redirecting it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Death Drive

A

Source of aggressive energy; must be managed as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Psychosexual Developmental Model

A

Descrives the development and maturation of libidinal energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Psychosexual stages of Development

A 
Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)
Anal Stage (!8 months to 3 years)
Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)
Latency Stage (6 to 12 years)
Genital Stage (12 or more years)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

Provide a template for understanding how sexuality and aggressive drives may shape the personality and, more important, shape the development of the superego and morality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Fixation at Anal Stage

A

Leads to one becoming anally retentive or anally expulsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Intrapsychic Conflict

A

Metaphor for emotions that cannot otherwise bo consciously acknowledged and /or expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Primary Gains

A

Primary benefit of the symptom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Secondary Gains

A

Benefits that are not immediately related but a natural consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Automatic responses to perceived psychological threats and are often activated on an unconscious level; used to manage seemingly irreconcilable conflict when the ego is unable to reconcile tensions between the id and the superego and/or manage unacceptable drives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Types of Defense Mechanisms

A 
Denial
Introjection
Splitting
Projection
Projective Identification
Repression
Suppression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Denial

A

Refusal to accept an external reality or fact because it is too threatening and may involve the reversal of facts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Introjection

A

Describes when one takes in whole behaviors, believes, and attitudes of another; can have positive or negative emotional valence; when used by adults, swallowing whole the opinions, style, and characteristics of others in order to identify with them or gain their approval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Splitting

A

Refers to the inability to see an individual as an integrated whole that has both positive and negative abilities; person switches from seeing people as all-good or all-bad: Idealizing and then villainizing;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Projection

A

Refers to falsely attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or wishes onto another, typically without being aware of what one is doing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Projective Identification

A

Involves falsely attributing to another one’s own unacceptable feelings; continued unconscious identification that maintains a typically strong and animated connection and control;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Repression

A

Describes the process that occurs when the superego seeks to repress the id’s innate impulses and drives; cause of a wide range of neurotic symptoms such as obsessions, compulsions, hallucination, psychosomatic complaints; because it happens outside of awareness, repression is considered more pathological than suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Suppression

A

Intentional avoidance of inner thoughts, feelings, and desires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

EriK Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development

A

Trust Vs. Mistrust (Infant Stage)
Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt (Toddler Stage)
Initiative Vs Guilt (Preschool and Kindergarten Age)
Industry Vs Inferiority (School Age)
Indenity vs Indentity Confusion (Adolescence)
Intimacy Vs Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Generativity Vs Stagnation (Adulthood)
Integrity Vs Despair (Late Adulthood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Erik Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development Theory

A

Describes crises that must be negotiated at eight significant points in life. If these crises are not mastered, difficulties are encountered in subsequent stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Object

A

In psychodynamic theory refers to the object of a person’s desire, attention or drive; often refers to a person, most often one’s mother; can be internal or external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Internal Object

A

Operating in one’s internal world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

External Object

A

Existing in the “real world.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Object Relations Theory

A

Explores introjection of external patterns with objects, primarily, caregivers; concerned with how the infant internalizes relationships in the first 3 years of life and analyze how this affects adult personality development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Freudian Drive Theory Views on Objects

A

Relates to external and internal objects to understand personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Good Enough Mothering

A

Involves being able to respond to their infants’ communication and needs while allowing them to move toard independence, allowing the child to develop a true self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

True Self

A

A person can spontaneously express needs and desires while maintaining a clear distinction between self and other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

False Self

A

Overly anxious to comply with others, feels unreal and struggles in relationships, Goal is to repair parenting damage and restore sense of true self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Stages of Separation and Individuation

A 
Normal Infant Autism
Normal Symbiosis
Separation and individuation:
  Differentiation and Body Image
  Practicing
  Rapprochement
  Emotional Object Constancy and Individuality
91
Q

Separation-Individuation Process

A

The infant develops an intrapsychic sense of self that gives the sense of being an independent entity; describes how a person is psychologically born

92
Q

Normal Infant Autism

A

Primary task is to maintain a homeostatic equilibrium outside the womb; 1st month of infancy, infant is unable to differentiate their actions and that of their caretakers

92
Q

Normal Infant Autism

A

Primary task is to maintain a homeostatic equilibrium outside the womb; 1st month of infancy, infant is unable to differentiate their actions and that of their caretakers

93
Q

Normal Symbiosis

A

Second month of life, psychological shell begins to form for the infant that encloses the symbiotic relationship of mother and child as a dual entity; infants begin to be aware of the need-satisfying object; severly disturbed children regress to this mental state of confusion, good mothering encourages the child towards sensory awareness of the environment

93
Q

Normal Symbiosis

A

Second month of life, psychological shell begins to form for the infant that encloses the symbiotic relationship of mother and child as a dual entity; infants begin to be aware of the need-satisfying object; severly disturbed children regress to this mental state of confusion, good mothering encourages the child towards sensory awareness of the environment

94
Q

Separation and Individuation

A

Begins at 5 months and continues until 3 years of age; the child individuates (develops intrapsychic autonomy) and separates (creates psychological differentiation from the mother

94
Q

Separation and Individuation

A

Begins at 5 months and continues until 3 years of age; the child individuates (develops intrapsychic autonomy) and separates (creates psychological differentiation from the mother

95
Q

Differentiation & Body Image

A

Child begins to physically distance slightly from the mother when practicing motor skills, often checking back to make sure the mother is still there

95
Q

Differentiation & Body Image

A

Child begins to physically distance slightly from the mother when practicing motor skills, often checking back to make sure the mother is still there

96
Q

Practicing

A

Once infants begin to walk, they increasingly venture away with periodic return for emotional connection; period in which the child feels omnipotence and a peak in an idealized state of self

96
Q

Practicing

A

Once infants begin to walk, they increasingly venture away with periodic return for emotional connection; period in which the child feels omnipotence and a peak in an idealized state of self

97
Q

Rapprochement

A

2nd half of the 2nd year; toddlers become more aware of physical separateness, sense of omnipotence declines, and they reexperience separation anxiety; period in which the child feels omnipotence and a peak in an idealized state of self

97
Q

Rapprochement

A

2nd half of the 2nd year; toddlers become more aware of physical separateness, sense of omnipotence declines, and they reexperience separation anxiety; period in which the child feels omnipotence and a peak in an idealized state of self

98
Q

Emotional Object Constancy & Individuality

A

3rd year of life; children begin to develop emotional object constancy, using an integrated inner image of good and bad aspects of mother that provides comfort in her physical absence; whole-object representation allows children to develop a unified self image

98
Q

Emotional Object Constancy & Individuality

A

3rd year of life; children begin to develop emotional object constancy, using an integrated inner image of good and bad aspects of mother that provides comfort in her physical absence; whole-object representation allows children to develop a unified self image

99
Q

Kohut’s view of what children develop selfobjects from

A

Idealized image of the parents

Grandiose part of self

99
Q

General Goals of Psychoanalysis that define Mental Health

A

Decreased irrational impulses (early and middle phase)
Increased ability to manage stress; decreased use of defense mechanism (early and middle phase)
Increased ego strength, self-esteem, and self-cohesion (middle and late phase)
Increased insight followed by agency (middle and late phase)
Increased emotional maturity and intelligence (middle and late phase)
Increased emotional maturity and intelligence (middle and late phase)
Decreased Perfectionism (middle and late phase)
Decreased Internal conflict and personality integration (late phase)
Increased ability to experience mature dependency and intimacy (late phase)

100
Q

Cohesive Self

A

Developed through the empathetic relationship between the parents and the child

100
Q

Cohesive Self

A

Developed through the empathetic relationship between the parents and the child

101
Q

Ego Strength, Self-Esteem, and Self-Cohesion

A

Having it means a person does not deny difficult realities but finds ways to cope that integrate the conflicting needs of the id, sugerego, and external world; Ego proactively engages the tension created by the id and the superego to find reasonable ways to mediate the differences and meet the various demands and needs without denying any

101
Q

Relational Matrix

A

Used by relational psychologists to organize, frame, and interpret clinical information; includes self, object, and transactional patterns and redefines how the mind is defined;

102
Q

Relational Psychoanalysts’ Definition of Mind

A

Has been redefined from a set of predetermined structures emerging from inside an individual organism to transactional patterns and internal structures derived from an interactive interpersonal field

103
Q

Relational Approach

A

conceptualizes the individual embedded within a web of relationships called the Relational Matrix or the Interaction Field

104
Q

Relational Matrix/Interaction Field

A

A web of relationships in which an individual connects with and differentiates from others; The basic unit of analysis is the interaction field

105
Q

Person-in-context

A

Considered by Relational Theorists all the time; self is experienced differently in each relationship; self is discontinuous with different selves experienced in different relationships

106
Q

Intersubjectivity Theory

A

Draws on constructivist theory, self psychology, and relational analysis; posits that people experience the world through the lense of their particular organizing frameworks (unique unconscious principles or templates) that formed based on early relational experiences

107
Q

General Goals of Psychoanalysis that define Mental Health

A

Decreased irrational impulses (early and middle phase)
Increased ability to manage stress; decreased use of defense mechanism (early and middle phase)
Increased ego strength, self-esteem, and self-cohesion (middle and late phase)
Increased insight followed by agency (middle and late phase)
Increased emotional maturity and intelligence (middle and late phase)
Increased emotional maturity and intelligence (middle and late phase)
Decreased Perfectionism (middle and late phase)
Decreased Internal conflict and personality integration (late phase)
Increased ability to experience mature dependency and intimacy (late phase)

108
Q

Irrational Impulses

A

Decreasing those which result in compulsive or obsessive behaviors, self-destructive behaviors, substance abuse, depressive thinking, inappropriate sexual impulses; cause clients to seek treatment; often highly motivated or at least somewhat eager to see a quick reduction in frequency; goals can be written to target a simple decrease, especially initially or total elimination of the behavior

109
Q

Stress Management and Defense

A

Decreasing a client’s use of defense mechanisms and increasing the client’s ability to manage stress without them
Specific defense mechanism being targeted should be specific

120
Q

Ego Strength, Self-Esteen, and Self-Cohesion

A

Having it means a person does not deny difficult realities but finds ways to cope that integrate the conflicting needs of the id, sugerego, and external world; Ego proactively engages the tension created by the id and the superego to find reasonable ways to mediate the differences and meet the various demands and needs without denying any

121
Q

Insight Followed by Agency

A

If agency, action, and change follow insight, then it is meaningful counseling; If there are no changes, you need to work on the defense of intellectualization that is preventing the message from hitting home; best arrived at collaboratively

122
Q

Emotional Maturity and Intelligence

A

Involves being aware of what one is feeling, understanding why one feels that way, and managing emotions in a mature and intelligent way rather than blindly reacting based on id like impulses or rigid superego codes of morality

123
Q

Perfectionism

A

Desired outcome is to reduce the punitive nature of the superego, which typically takes the form of perfectionism; when a person’s superego dominates the personality, the person becomes obsessed following socially imposed rules and definitions of success without balancing the person’s personal needs and drives

124
Q

Personality Change

A

Psychodynamic counseling approaches are designed to change personality and character structures; that is always the long-term goal and the most essential; achieved by resolving internal and unconscious conflicts, and involves a process of better understanding the self, marked by more meaningful and less conflictual relationships with significant people in their lives

125
Q

Mature Dependency and Intimacy

A

By working through infant and childhood dependency issues, psychoanalysis enables adults to develop a mature and health dependency on others and the capacity for intimacy

126
Q

Mature Dependency

A

Involves acknowledging the human need for community, selecting supportinve partners and friends, being emotionally vulnerable, and experiencing emotional and physical intimacy while still maintaining a clear identity

127
Q

Possibilities which Exist for Interpretation

A 
Dreams, fantasies and daydreams
symptoms
transference and countertransference
Favorite metaphors and word choice
Freudian slips of the tongue
Jokes and asides
128
Q

Resistance

A

When the client is not ready to bring unconscious material to conscious awareness

129
Q

Affective Investment

A

Refers to a holistic analysis of where emotional energy is invested across the entire range of conscious and unconscious processes, including transference, infantile material, countertransference, and so on.

130
Q

Steps for Providing Effective Interpretation

A

Begin with case conceptualization
Wait for the moment
Work from the present to the past
Assess client response

131
Q

Understanding-Explaining Sequence

A

To solidify the counseling relationship and provide meaningful interpretation
Understanding - expression of sympathy
Explanation - provides some form of interpretation that helps the client understand the source of the emotion

132
Q

Free Association

A

Involves asking a client to just say what comes to mind on a given topic; the client may describe recent events, memories, feelings, fantasies, bodily sensations, and any other material; analyst listens carefully for unusual connections, idiosyncratic logic, slips of the toungue, and efforts to edit or hold back; after this process, the analyst can provide interpretations to help promote insight into the client’s process

133
Q

Dream Interpretation

A

Dreams have two layers of meaning: the manifest content is the literal content of the dream and the latent content is the unconscious material that must be interpreted to be accessed

134
Q

Intersubjective Responding

A

Relying on the counseling relationship itself to create opportunities for clients to gain insight and make change; focusing on current relationship and the client’s interpretations of it, which may be related to culture, gender, economic status, or education as well as childhood experiences

135
Q

Length of Brief Psychodynamic Approaches

A

May require from 12 to 50 sessions but typically end after 20

136
Q

Brief Psychodynamic Approaches

A

Believe that early approoaches aim to strengthen the ego so that it can better manage problem impulses and resolve inner conflicts; counselor is more active; quickly identifying core dynamics that are targeted intervention; the counselor-client relationship is used as a learning forum for corrective emotional experiences, in which the counselor’s response helps correct old traumas

137
Q

Phases of Brief Psychodynamic Counseling and Psychotherapies

A 
Client Counseling Encounter
Early Treatment
Height of Treatment
Evidence of Change
Termination
138
Q

Client Counseling encounter

A

Client and Counselor devlop a working rapport and mutually agree on a focus of treatment; counselor develops a case conceptualization of the client’s dynamics, focusing on those that are related to the identified problem

139
Q

Early Treatment

A

Counselor confronts idealistic, positive transference and helps the client distinguish wishful thinking from realistic expectations of the counselor and the counseling process

140
Q

Height of Treatment

A

During this working phase, the past is explored to better understand current problems and transference issues that arise in session; clients are encouraged to use new ways of relating both in and out of session

141
Q

Evidence of Change

A

Clients begin to apply what they learn in session to everyday life

142
Q

Termination

A

Once goals have been reached, counselors help them move toward termination rather than look for new goals, careful attention is paid to issues of loss and separation as treatment ends

143
Q

Corrective Emotional Experiences

A

Involve using the counseling relationship to work through old childhood traumas and relational patterns; when done with sincerity and without reactivity on the part of the counselor, can be a profound healing experience for the client

144
Q

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

A

Based on the assumption that the interpersonal experiences in adulthood trigger childhood attachment issues, resulting in depression or similar disorder; apporach focuses on building strong interpersonal relationships to reduce the likelihood of relapse

145
Q

Interpersonal Psychotherapy Focus

A 
Interpersonal deficits (lack of skills or knowledge)
Role expectations and conflicts (creating realistic expectations)
Role transitions (redefining relationships based on developmental and contextual needs)
Grief Issues (Past and current relational loss)
146
Q

Phases of Interpersonal Psychotherapy

A

Initial Sessions
Intermediate Phase
Termination

147
Q

Initial Sessions of Interpersonal Psychotherapy

A

Focuses on identifying one or two concerns from the four areas of concern; explanation of counsling process and diagnosis so that the client fully understands the process and how it will help

148
Q

Intermediate Phase of Interpersonal Psychotherapy

A

During this working phase, the counselor actively helps the client address the targeted problems using a wide range of interventions that include psychoeducation, interpretation of patterns, advice giving, insight-stimulating questions, and behavior change techniques

149
Q

Termination Phase of Interpersonal Psychotherapy

A

Requires two to four sessions to help the client develop confidence that he or she can handle future problems using the skills that he or she has learned

150
Q

Core Conflictual Relationship Theme Method

A

Involves analyzing all accounts clients share about their interactions with others to identify core relationship themes that create conflict and problems

151
Q

Elements analyzed using Core Conflictual Relationship Theme Method

A

The client’s wish (to be loved, appreciated, or acknowledged)
The Response of others, either real or imagined (rejection, disapproval, criticism, ignoring)
The Response of Self (anger, sadness, withdrawal, attacking other, blaming self, feeling trapped)

152
Q

Time-Limited, Dynamic Psychotherapy

A

Designed for persons diagnosed with personality disorders, uses the counseling relationship to encourage corrective emotional experiences; use responses within the counseling relationship to provide new experiences for clients that enable them to change how they interact with others outside of session

153
Q

Jungian Analysis

A

Premised on the collective unconscious

154
Q

Collective unconscious

A

A store of universal archetypes, myths, fairy tales, and experiences that are part of each individual’s psyche and that can be used for psychological healing

155
Q

Goal of Jungian Analysis

A

Build relationship between the unconscious and unconscious and the ego (how one sees and experiences the self)

156
Q

Self

A

Higher-order self that is whole and complete; used to create a unique sense of individuality and connection with life, the cosmos, and the divine

157
Q

Jungian Counselors

A

Analyze dreams, synchronicity experiences, and life patterns by analyzing the archetypical, mythic, and legendary themes to help clients become more aware of material in the personal unconscious and collective unconscious

158
Q

Archetypes

A

Unconscious universal patterns that can be traced across cultures and influence how people think, feel, and behave; typical modes of apprehension; powerful forces that can be either destructive or healing, depending on how a person relates to it

159
Q

Key Archetypes

A 
Ego
Self
Shadow
Persona
Anima/Animus
Hero
Wise Old Man or Woman
Trickster
160
Q

Ego

A

Complex set of representations of oneself that has both conscious and unconscious elements that are both personal and collective; how one sees oneself, along with the conscious and unconscious feelings that accompany that view

161
Q

Self

A

Archetype of wholeness that stems from a deeper connection with life and all humanity; supraordinate, organizing principle of the psyche, in many ways, incorporating all the others; Jungian counseling process is designed to help people become more aware of the self

162
Q

Shadow

A

Moral problem that challenges the whole ego-personality, for no one can become conscious of the shadow without considerable moral effort; to become conscious of it involves recognizing the dark aspects of personality as present and real; represents the typically unpleasant, socially unacceptable, and immoral aspects of a person that are suppressed and/or unconscious; these can become the source of neurosis, psychosis, or compulsive behavior; involves the process of addressing the shadow and its contents which may or may not be negative and learning to own them as part of the self even if not acted on

163
Q

Persona

A

Part of the personality developed and used in our interactions, our conscious, our social mask; serves as our public face, mediates between the outer world and the inner world; not inherently good or bad but frequently, source of trouble is when a person identifies with it rather than the Self

164
Q

Anima/Animus

A

Below the unconscious masculine personality was a feminine side;

165
Q

Hero

A

Often serves as a person; overidentification with a hero leads to problems commonly associated with hubris and overconfidence, namely, ultimate defeat and disgrace

166
Q

Wise Old Man

A

Represents humanity’s collective wisom as well as certain qualities of masculinity, namely, strength, quietness, and fortitude

167
Q

Wise Old Woman

A

Demonstrates feminine qualities such as nurturance and forgiveness;

168
Q

Wise Old Man/Woman

A

Often makes an appearance toward the end of the counseling process as a client moves toward greater inner awareness

169
Q

Trickster

A

Represents unexpected reversals and is a harbinger of transformation and change; makes many appearance, source of unexpected positive and negative turns during the process, and sometimes even the reason for a speedy end

170
Q

Jungian Stages of Counseling

A

Confession
Elucidation
Education
Transformation

171
Q

Confession

A

Clients recount or confess their life stories which often creates a sense of catharsis or emotional release; counselor listens empatherically and nonjudgementally, helping the client feel reconnected to another

172
Q

Elucidation

A

Counselor helps the client gain insight about the transference relationship as well as childhood memories that are related to the problem

173
Q

Education

A

Involves pointing out that no amount of confession and no amount of exlaining can make the crooked plant to grow straight; insight is translated into meaningful action

174
Q

Transformation

A

Final phase, applies only to those clients who desire to seek individuation rather than simply symptom relief, which is generally achieved in the third stage; clients become more consciously connected with their Selves and the collective unconscious

175
Q

Jungian Counseling Relationship

A

Therapists are collaborative educators working with clients in pursuing their unique journeys of individuation
Counselors are archetypal healers who must engage in the archetypal journey of healers to heal themselves

176
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Exists beyond the individual and represents the evolutionary mind of humanity, including archetypes, myths, images, and symbols that can be traced in cultures throughout the world

177
Q

Jung’s Structure of Personality

A

Conscious mind
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious

178
Q

Conscious Mind

A

Part of the mind that one is aware of ; contains the ego

179
Q

Personal Unconscious

A

Includes forgotten elements, repressed memories and elements that never were conscious

180
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Universal consciousness made up of archetypes that all individuals have access to

181
Q

Complexes

A

Certain emotionally charged patterns that individuals have access to; potentially conscious but more typically unconscious;have archetypal elements that need to be explored

182
Q

Polarities

A

Personality traits that get magnifired or minimized; maturity involves a balance of any two polarities

183
Q

Enantiodramia

A

Refers to Heraclitus’ law that everything sooner or later turns into its opposite

184
Q

Psychological Types

A

Extravert/Introvert
Thinking/Feeling
Intuitive/Sensing

185
Q

Extravert/Introvert

A

Describes general attitude and orientation; basic approach to libidinal energy

186
Q

Extraversion

A

Characterized by interest in the external object, responsiveness, and a ready acceptance of external happenings, a desire to influence and be influenced by events, a need to join in; focus of counseling is finding a healthy balance between the two.

187
Q

Introversion

A

Hold aloof from external happenings, does not join in; own world is a safe harbor,

188
Q

Thinking/Feeling

A

How people organize information and make decision on the basis of two styles; understanding a person’s type helps to better understand his or her motivations and reasons for making a decision

189
Q

Thinking Types

A

Prefer analysis and logic

190
Q

Feeling Types

A

Focus on values and morality, not necessarily emotions;

191
Q

Individuation

A

Process of building a relationship between the conscious and unconscious and the ego and Self to create a unique sense of individuality while still connected to the larger human experience; primary focus during the second half of life, after the achievements of young adulthood are well established

192
Q

Jung’s Wholeness of Human Spirit

A

Represented in the archetype of the Self and s fundamental to his approach; involves reconciling polarities and opposites within the psyche, increasingly bringing to consciousness the multifaceted elements of one’s humanity;

193
Q

Jungian Interventions

A 
Symbols
Dream Analysis
Active Imagination
Analysis of Transference
Synchronicity
194
Q

Symbols

A

Pointing to meanings that are not yet fully understood which they distinguish from sign that are simply representational of a known thing; provide a way out of a dilemma, a transcendent coming together of the opposites; help clients guide her in how to use the symbol to help her interpret her life and inform new attitudes and behaviors

195
Q

Role of Clinicians in Interpreting Symbols

A

Help client identify personally relevant symbols
Help clients decode their personal meaning for clients
Help clients use symbols to promote healing

196
Q

Jungian Dream Analysis

A

Hallmark technique of Jungian analysis; Dreams were unconscious expressing iteself sometimes expressing repressed material, sometimes shadowing the future, and sometimes providing direction to the individuation process using its native language, symbols; employs a combination of using universal archetypal symbols and myth combined with the dreamer’s unique associations and meanings

197
Q

Jungian Dream Interpretation

A

Identify dreamer’s associations
Identify universal symbols/symbol amplification
Consolidation of interpretations

198
Q

Active Imagination

A

Helps develop a person’s relationship to their unconscious mind and archetypes; client uses content that has been received from the unconscious through dreams or other means and combines it with conscious intent to promote healing and transformation; visualization technique

199
Q

Jungian Analysis of Transference

A

Client’s projections relate to their personal histories, typically from childhood; during this phase, the counselor helps the client recognize that these projections belong to the client and has the client withdraw them from the counselor and integrate them into their own personalities
Client learns to discern which elements of projection are personal and which are archetypal; involves identifying cultural, gender, and archetypal elements of projections
Personal reality of the counselor is differentiated from the projected image, and a human-to-human connection is made

200
Q

Synchronicity

A

Refers to uncanny and meaningful coincidences that cannot reasonably be explained by chance;

201
Q

Synchronistic Events

A

Information from the collective unconscious about what theme or archetypes the person should be attending to in order to facilitate the process of individuation

202
Q

Jungian Interventions for Special Populations

A

Sand Play

203
Q

Sand Play

A

Developed by Dora Kalff; provided a natural therapeutic modality for the child, allowing expression of both the archetypal and intrapersonal worlds;

204
Q

Checklist for Psychodynamic Case Conceptualization

A 
Level of consciousness
Structures of the Self
Drive Theory and Ego Psychology
Secondary Gains
Defense Mechanisms
Erickson's Psychosocial Stages of Development
Object Relations Theory.True Self
Relational Matrix
Unconscious Organizing Principles and Culture
205
Q

Intuitive/Sensing

A

Person’s style of experiencing the world; counselors can use the knowledge of a person’s preference for experiencing to develop interventions that make sense to the client

206
Q

Intuitive

A

Relying heavily on unconscious and collective unconscious information

207
Q

Sensing

A

Relying more on information through the senses

208
Q

Myers-Briggs

A

Developed by a mother-daughter team; used in business, college counseling, and numerous other arenas based on Jung’s personality characteristics; developed instruments that are commonly used to determine a person’s type

209
Q

Judging/Perceiving

A

Added by Myers & Briggs; Refers to how one orients to outer life

210
Q

Judging

A

Prefer to have things planned, ordered, and organized; feel most at ease after a decision has been made

211
Q

Perceiving

A

Enjoy the process of exploring possibilities and have a spontaneous approach to life; they like to take in new information and experiences

212
Q

Individuation

A

Building a relationship between the conscious and unconscious and the ego and Self to create a unique sense of individuality while still connected to the larger human experience

213
Q

Examples of a Jungian Counselor’s Goals

A

Facilitate catharsis related to childhood experiences (early phase)
Increase awareness of persona and how it is maintained (early and middle phase)
Increase awareness and ecceptance of shadow elements of the self (middle and late phase)
Integrate shadow elements into conscious understanding of self (middle and late phase)
Increase sense of wholeness and well-being (late phase goal)
Increase sense of connection to others, humanity and/or the divine (late phase)

214
Q

Symbols

A

Pointing to meanings that are not yet fully understood; provide a way out of a dilemma, a transcendent coming together of the opposites

215
Q

Looking at Symbols

A

Help client identify personally relevant symbols
Help client decode their personal meaning for clients
Help clients use them to promote healing

216
Q

Jungian Dream Analysis

A

Hallmark technique of Jungian Analysis; emplys a combination of using universal archetypes and myth combined with the dreamer’s unique associations and meanings

217
Q

Phases of Jungian Dream Analysis

A

Identify dreamer’s associations
Identify universal symbols/symbol amplification
Consolidation of interpretations

218
Q

Symbol Amplification

A

Analyst identifies potential archetypal elements in the dream;

219
Q

Active Imagination

A

Helps develop a person’s relationship with the unconscious mind and archetypes; client uses content that has been received from the unconscious through dreams or other means and combines it with conscious intent to promote healing and transformation; goal is to have the conscious and unconscious minds work in tandem to balance and correct problematic polarities

220
Q

Jungian Analysis of Transference

A

Clients’ projections relate to their personal histories, typically from childhood, counselor helps the client recognize that these projections belong to the client and has the client withdraw them from the counselor and integrate them into their own personalities
The client learns to discern which elements of projection are personal and which are archetypal; involves identifying cultural, gender and archetypal elements of projections
The personal reality of the counselor is differenctiated from the projected image, and a human-to-human connection is made

221
Q

Synchronicity

A

Refers to uncanny and meaningful coincidences that cannot reasonably be explained by chance;

222
Q

Synchronistic Events

A

Information from the collective unconscious about what theme or archetypes the person should be attending to in order to facilitate the process of individuation

223
Q

Interventions for Special Populations

A

Sand Play

224
Q

Sand Play

A

A distinct form of intervention, Jungian approach using a sand tray with miniature figures, distinct from the more generic use of sand tray that can be used from any counseling approach; developed by Dora Kalff; provided a natural therapeutic modality for the child, allowing the expression of tboth the archetypal and intrapersonal worlds as well as connecting the child to outer everyday reality (Uses sand trays, Figurines)

Theory and Treatment Planning in Counseling & Psychotherapy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions