Chapter 4: Psychoanalytic & Psychodynamic Counseling & Psychotherapy Flashcards
Psychoanalytic & Psychodynamic Theories as Depth Psychologies
Explore the unconscious mind which is conceptualized as deeper than conscious mind
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Root of all psychodynamic approaches, with ego psychology, object relations, self psychology, relational , and intersubjectivity theories being the most direct descendants
Psychoanalysis
Analyst is more likely to use a blank-slate approach, often uses a couch, and typically does not engage clients with warmth
Psychodynamic Therapy
Refers to a more standard, shorter-term (but still typically long), one session per week outpatient counseling approach that addresses a specific presenting problem rather than the project of personality analysis
Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Major schools
Freudian Drive Theory Ego Psychology Object Relations Self-Psychology Relational analysis
Psychoanalysis
Based on Freud’s original theories, classic psycoanalysis is a relatively rare but still practiced approach that focuses on analysis of innate drives and transference issues
Ego Psychology
Similar to Freudian Theory in terms of the working relationship, focuses on analysis of how the ego uses defense mechanisms to manage innate drives
Object Relations Theories
Using a more emphatetic and warmer counseling relationship, object relations theorists focus on repairing the client’s early object and relational patterns, often by promotive corrective emotional experiences in the counseling relationship; divided into Integrative Drive Theory and purely relational
Interpersonal Analysis
Related to object relations, Sullivan’s interpersonal analysis is unique in that the analysis process relies heavily on observable data and focuses almost exclusively on interpersonal interactions rather than unconscious processes
Self-Psychology
Based on the work of Kohut, involves empathic immersion in the client’s inner world, analysis of self objects, and a focus on building self esteem
Relational and Intersubjectivity Theories
Recent approaches that emphasize the intersubjective nature of reality and employ a more collaborative counseling relationship, including the co-construction of interpretations with clients
Jungian Analysis
Jung’s distinct approach posits a collective unconscious that shapes our personalities on the basis of universal, archetypical patterns and aims to help people self-actualize, living up to their full potential
Brief Psychodynamic Theories
Time-limited, evidence-based approaches that have been demonstrated effective with depression and substance abuse
Basic Psychodynamic Assumptions
A person’s history affects present behaviors and relationships
There is an unconscious mind that exerts significant influence over present behavior
The personality is structured into various substructures, such as ego, id, and superego.
A person’s personality is significantly impacted by early relationships in life, especially with one’s mother or primary caretaker.
Insight into one’s personality and internaly dynamics can help resolve various psychopathologies
Clients project onto the counselor interrelational patterns from earlier unresolved issues, most often with the clients’ parents; the transference of these patterns can be analyzed and used to promote change in the counseling relationship
Transference
Refers to when a client projects on the counselor attributes from unresolved issues with primary caregives; therapists use these interactions to promote client insight and work through these conflicts; process reveals unconscious templates that clients bring to relationships over and over again
Drive Theorists and Ego Psychologists’ Encouragement of Transference
By maintaining a neutral stance that encourages clients to project unresolved issues on to the counselor, the analyst can then interpret these for the client
Transference Patterns of Client in Object relations, Self Psychology and Relational Approaches
Counselor discusses the transference patterns with the client and explains how it emerged in the current relationship
Countertransference
Refers to when counselors project back into clients, losing their therapeutic neutrality and having strong emotions to the client.
Countertransference as unconscious projection
Represents an unconscious projection on the part of the analyst that needs to be explored in supervision, and it is often inappropriate to discuss with clients
Countertransference as conscious experiencing of the other
Can be used to help counselor and client better understand how others experience the client and the reactions the client may trigger in others, may be used to promote insight
Corrective Emotional Experience
Analyst responds differently than the client experienced in childhood to facilitate resolution of an inner conflict
Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis
Anna Freud
Added analysis of ego functioning and defense mechanisms known as ego psychology; Recognized that motivation can come frome xternal sources, not just internal drives
Eric Erickson
Contributed Eight Stage model of Psychosocial Development
Karen Horney
Female Pioneer of psychoanalysis
Otto Kernberg
Integrated drive theory and object relations theory and focused his work on borderline personality disorder
Melanie Klein
Developed a unique form of object relations therapy that incorporates both Freud’s drive theory and object relations theory and is considered to be the most influential person in the field since Freud; pioneer in child and play therapy
Margaret Mahler
Developed a theory of separation and individuation that deals with the process of psychological birth by which an infant becomes psychologically separate from its caregivers in the first 3 years
William Ronald Dodds Fairbairn
Developed a pure object relations model; understood ego in terms of the ego striving for a relationship with an object, not merely seeking satisfaction
Donald Winnicot
Ideas have had more influence ont he understanding of the common, significant issues met by psychoanalysts and psychotherapists in their everyday practice than anyone since Freud
Henry Stack Sullivan
Approach emphasized a drive for relatedness as the primary drive rather than sex or aggression, referred to as interpersonal theory; work first to consider the impact of culture and relationships in understanding mental illness
Heinz Kohut
Developed psychoanalytic approach of self psychology, which he developed primarily with narcissistic patiens for whom traditional analysis did not work; structure
Jay Greenberg
Divided Psychoanalysis into two theoretically irreconcilable approaches: Freud’s drive model and the relational model
Stephen Mitchell
Detailed a relational model for psychoanalysis that focuses on the internal structures that are developed from the individual’s interpersonal experiences
Robert Stolorow
Leader in bringing the intersubjectivity perspective to psychodynamic work, a perspective that challenges the prevailing belief in a discrete, individual mind and instead posits that emotional experience occurs within interconnecting psychological systems or fields created by two or more people in a relationship
Phases of Psychodynamic Counseling
Listening with empathy to reduce defensiveness and increase willingness to hear interpretations
Interpretation to promote insight
Working through insight to promote new action
Listening and Empathy
Primary tool of psychoanalytic therapists; listening objectively to the client’s story without offering advice, reassurance, validation, and confrontation; Empathy may be used to help the client open to nondefensively hearing the therapist’s interpretation of unconscious dynamics
Interpretation and Promoting Insight
Focus is to encourage into personal and interpersonal dynamics, which the counselor promotes by offering interpretations to the client using various case conceptualization approaches; the form of case conceptualization is the most distinguishing feature between the various schools
Working Through
Refers to the process of repeatedly getting in touch with repressed strivings and defense responses so that the unconscious can be made conscious; facilitated by providing a realistic ego to help the client tolerate delay and anxiety as the client revisits, explores, and struggles to accept and understand drives, urges, and patterns that have been unrecognized; involves translating these into action
Psychoanalysis
Refers to an intensive approach designed to create significant and sustainable personality change
Psychodynamic Counseling and Psychotherapy
Brief forms developed to last 12 to 16 sessions; goals are narrower, creating clear criterion for termination
General types of Human Intersubjective Approach
One Person Psychology
Two Person Psychology
One Person Psychology
Entire focus and process of analysis is on one person, the client; increasingly rare and only used in formal analysis that emphasizes drive theory and ego psychology
Two-Person Psychology
Includes two people, the counselor and the client; counselors are keenly aware of their impact on clients;
Neutrality
Allows clients to be provided with a blank slate on which clients can project unconscious material that the analyst can use to promote insight; also referred to as abstinence; allows analyst to be more of a recipient, observe client’s to study their internal and unconscious processes, and allow for transference
Holding Environment
Refers to the nurturing environment provided by the mother that enables the child to move from an unintegrated state to having a structured, integrated self; reduces overwhelming stimuli that the child cannot yet manage, thus requiring skills and empathy ont he part of the mother/caregiver; when applied to counseling process, refers to providing structure, consistency, and routing to filter out overwhelming stimuli and enable the client to develop the ego strength to do the work of psychoanalysis; structure of counseling process takes care of ego maintenance functions so the client has freed energy to work through and resolve conflicts and developmental crises
Empathy
The ability to grasp another’s internal reality; involves first grasping then sharing aloud this understanding; broadened to include emphathizing with that which the client cannot tolerate in himself, projections, and other forms of dissociation from self
Mirroring
Refers to the counselor confirming the client’s sense of self, both verbally and nonverbally
Assumptions of Relational Psychoanalysts
Analyst has a deep, personal influence ont he client and has more influence than is typically acknowledged
The impact of the analyst’s behavior can never be understood while it is happening, if ever
The analyst cannot adopt any posture, including neutrality or empathy, that guarantees a predictable atmosphere and relationship; instead, each relationship must be uniquely negotiated to suit both client and counselor
The analyst is a subjective participant in the analysis process; objective neutrality is impossible
Relational Psychoanalysis
Analyst’s role is to provide useful ideas and explore their relational interactions to help clients reach their goals; strive to create an intersubjective relationship with clients in which obth the analyst and client mutually influence each other, cocreating interpretations and better understandings of self and other
Personal Analysis
Requires that analysts go through analysis themselves in order to be helpful to clients
Areas for Potential Assessment for Psychoanalysts
Levels of Consciousness
Structures of the Self: Id, Ego, & Superego
Drive Theory
Psychosexual Stages of Development and Oedipal Comples
Defense Mechanisms
Good Enough Mothering and the True Self
Stages of Separation and Individuation
Narcissism and Self-Objects
Relational Matrix
Unconscious Organizaing Principles and Culture
Levels of Consciousness
Preconscious
Conscious
Unconscious
Preconscious
Holds memories and experiences that a person can easily retrieve at will
Conscious
Includes sensations and experiences that the person is aware of, such as awareness of exhaustion, hunger,
Unconscious
Holds memorable thoughts, and desires that the conscious mind cannot tolerate and is the source of his work drives; largest level of consciounsness
Self
Organization and integration of all psychic structures that make up the individual
Id
Part of the personality motivated by instinctual drives
Ego
Operates according to the reality principle; part of the personality that involves intellect, cognition, defense mechanisms, and other executinve functions and serves as a mediator between the id and the superego
Superego
Represents ego and social ideals and generally prohibits the id’s drives and fantasies that are not socially acceptable
Freudian Conceptualization of Client Problems
Examining how the ego manages the ongoing conflicts between the id’s drives and the superego’s prohibitions; ego manages these tensions using defense mechanism
Libido
Energy from inner workings of the instinctual drive that cannot be discharged; it must be managed and/or channeled by denying or redirecting it
Death Drive
Source of aggressive energy; must be managed as well
Psychosexual Developmental Model
Descrives the development and maturation of libidinal energy
Psychosexual stages of Development
Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months) Anal Stage (!8 months to 3 years) Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years) Latency Stage (6 to 12 years) Genital Stage (12 or more years)
Psychosexual Stages
Provide a template for understanding how sexuality and aggressive drives may shape the personality and, more important, shape the development of the superego and morality
Fixation at Anal Stage
Leads to one becoming anally retentive or anally expulsive
Intrapsychic Conflict
Metaphor for emotions that cannot otherwise bo consciously acknowledged and /or expressed
Primary Gains
Primary benefit of the symptom
Secondary Gains
Benefits that are not immediately related but a natural consequence
Defense Mechanisms
Automatic responses to perceived psychological threats and are often activated on an unconscious level; used to manage seemingly irreconcilable conflict when the ego is unable to reconcile tensions between the id and the superego and/or manage unacceptable drives
Types of Defense Mechanisms
Denial Introjection Splitting Projection Projective Identification Repression Suppression
Denial
Refusal to accept an external reality or fact because it is too threatening and may involve the reversal of facts
Introjection
Describes when one takes in whole behaviors, believes, and attitudes of another; can have positive or negative emotional valence; when used by adults, swallowing whole the opinions, style, and characteristics of others in order to identify with them or gain their approval
Splitting
Refers to the inability to see an individual as an integrated whole that has both positive and negative abilities; person switches from seeing people as all-good or all-bad: Idealizing and then villainizing;
Projection
Refers to falsely attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or wishes onto another, typically without being aware of what one is doing
Projective Identification
Involves falsely attributing to another one’s own unacceptable feelings; continued unconscious identification that maintains a typically strong and animated connection and control;
Repression
Describes the process that occurs when the superego seeks to repress the id’s innate impulses and drives; cause of a wide range of neurotic symptoms such as obsessions, compulsions, hallucination, psychosomatic complaints; because it happens outside of awareness, repression is considered more pathological than suppression
Suppression
Intentional avoidance of inner thoughts, feelings, and desires
EriK Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
Trust Vs. Mistrust (Infant Stage)
Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt (Toddler Stage)
Initiative Vs Guilt (Preschool and Kindergarten Age)
Industry Vs Inferiority (School Age)
Indenity vs Indentity Confusion (Adolescence)
Intimacy Vs Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Generativity Vs Stagnation (Adulthood)
Integrity Vs Despair (Late Adulthood)
Erik Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development Theory
Describes crises that must be negotiated at eight significant points in life. If these crises are not mastered, difficulties are encountered in subsequent stages
Object
In psychodynamic theory refers to the object of a person’s desire, attention or drive; often refers to a person, most often one’s mother; can be internal or external
Internal Object
Operating in one’s internal world
External Object
Existing in the “real world.”
Object Relations Theory
Explores introjection of external patterns with objects, primarily, caregivers; concerned with how the infant internalizes relationships in the first 3 years of life and analyze how this affects adult personality development
Freudian Drive Theory Views on Objects
Relates to external and internal objects to understand personality
Good Enough Mothering
Involves being able to respond to their infants’ communication and needs while allowing them to move toard independence, allowing the child to develop a true self
True Self
A person can spontaneously express needs and desires while maintaining a clear distinction between self and other
False Self
Overly anxious to comply with others, feels unreal and struggles in relationships, Goal is to repair parenting damage and restore sense of true self
Stages of Separation and Individuation
Normal Infant Autism Normal Symbiosis Separation and individuation: Differentiation and Body Image Practicing Rapprochement Emotional Object Constancy and Individuality
Separation-Individuation Process
The infant develops an intrapsychic sense of self that gives the sense of being an independent entity; describes how a person is psychologically born
Normal Infant Autism
Primary task is to maintain a homeostatic equilibrium outside the womb; 1st month of infancy, infant is unable to differentiate their actions and that of their caretakers
Normal Infant Autism
Primary task is to maintain a homeostatic equilibrium outside the womb; 1st month of infancy, infant is unable to differentiate their actions and that of their caretakers
Normal Symbiosis
Second month of life, psychological shell begins to form for the infant that encloses the symbiotic relationship of mother and child as a dual entity; infants begin to be aware of the need-satisfying object; severly disturbed children regress to this mental state of confusion, good mothering encourages the child towards sensory awareness of the environment
Normal Symbiosis
Second month of life, psychological shell begins to form for the infant that encloses the symbiotic relationship of mother and child as a dual entity; infants begin to be aware of the need-satisfying object; severly disturbed children regress to this mental state of confusion, good mothering encourages the child towards sensory awareness of the environment
Separation and Individuation
Begins at 5 months and continues until 3 years of age; the child individuates (develops intrapsychic autonomy) and separates (creates psychological differentiation from the mother
Separation and Individuation
Begins at 5 months and continues until 3 years of age; the child individuates (develops intrapsychic autonomy) and separates (creates psychological differentiation from the mother
Differentiation & Body Image
Child begins to physically distance slightly from the mother when practicing motor skills, often checking back to make sure the mother is still there
Differentiation & Body Image
Child begins to physically distance slightly from the mother when practicing motor skills, often checking back to make sure the mother is still there
Practicing
Once infants begin to walk, they increasingly venture away with periodic return for emotional connection; period in which the child feels omnipotence and a peak in an idealized state of self
Practicing
Once infants begin to walk, they increasingly venture away with periodic return for emotional connection; period in which the child feels omnipotence and a peak in an idealized state of self
Rapprochement
2nd half of the 2nd year; toddlers become more aware of physical separateness, sense of omnipotence declines, and they reexperience separation anxiety; period in which the child feels omnipotence and a peak in an idealized state of self
Rapprochement
2nd half of the 2nd year; toddlers become more aware of physical separateness, sense of omnipotence declines, and they reexperience separation anxiety; period in which the child feels omnipotence and a peak in an idealized state of self
Emotional Object Constancy & Individuality
3rd year of life; children begin to develop emotional object constancy, using an integrated inner image of good and bad aspects of mother that provides comfort in her physical absence; whole-object representation allows children to develop a unified self image
Emotional Object Constancy & Individuality
3rd year of life; children begin to develop emotional object constancy, using an integrated inner image of good and bad aspects of mother that provides comfort in her physical absence; whole-object representation allows children to develop a unified self image
Kohut’s view of what children develop selfobjects from
Idealized image of the parents
Grandiose part of self
General Goals of Psychoanalysis that define Mental Health
Decreased irrational impulses (early and middle phase)
Increased ability to manage stress; decreased use of defense mechanism (early and middle phase)
Increased ego strength, self-esteem, and self-cohesion (middle and late phase)
Increased insight followed by agency (middle and late phase)
Increased emotional maturity and intelligence (middle and late phase)
Increased emotional maturity and intelligence (middle and late phase)
Decreased Perfectionism (middle and late phase)
Decreased Internal conflict and personality integration (late phase)
Increased ability to experience mature dependency and intimacy (late phase)
Cohesive Self
Developed through the empathetic relationship between the parents and the child
Cohesive Self
Developed through the empathetic relationship between the parents and the child
Ego Strength, Self-Esteem, and Self-Cohesion
Having it means a person does not deny difficult realities but finds ways to cope that integrate the conflicting needs of the id, sugerego, and external world; Ego proactively engages the tension created by the id and the superego to find reasonable ways to mediate the differences and meet the various demands and needs without denying any
Relational Matrix
Used by relational psychologists to organize, frame, and interpret clinical information; includes self, object, and transactional patterns and redefines how the mind is defined;
Relational Psychoanalysts’ Definition of Mind
Has been redefined from a set of predetermined structures emerging from inside an individual organism to transactional patterns and internal structures derived from an interactive interpersonal field
Relational Approach
conceptualizes the individual embedded within a web of relationships called the Relational Matrix or the Interaction Field
Relational Matrix/Interaction Field
A web of relationships in which an individual connects with and differentiates from others; The basic unit of analysis is the interaction field
Person-in-context
Considered by Relational Theorists all the time; self is experienced differently in each relationship; self is discontinuous with different selves experienced in different relationships
Intersubjectivity Theory
Draws on constructivist theory, self psychology, and relational analysis; posits that people experience the world through the lense of their particular organizing frameworks (unique unconscious principles or templates) that formed based on early relational experiences
General Goals of Psychoanalysis that define Mental Health
Decreased irrational impulses (early and middle phase)
Increased ability to manage stress; decreased use of defense mechanism (early and middle phase)
Increased ego strength, self-esteem, and self-cohesion (middle and late phase)
Increased insight followed by agency (middle and late phase)
Increased emotional maturity and intelligence (middle and late phase)
Increased emotional maturity and intelligence (middle and late phase)
Decreased Perfectionism (middle and late phase)
Decreased Internal conflict and personality integration (late phase)
Increased ability to experience mature dependency and intimacy (late phase)
Irrational Impulses
Decreasing those which result in compulsive or obsessive behaviors, self-destructive behaviors, substance abuse, depressive thinking, inappropriate sexual impulses; cause clients to seek treatment; often highly motivated or at least somewhat eager to see a quick reduction in frequency; goals can be written to target a simple decrease, especially initially or total elimination of the behavior
Stress Management and Defense
Decreasing a client’s use of defense mechanisms and increasing the client’s ability to manage stress without them
Specific defense mechanism being targeted should be specific
Ego Strength, Self-Esteen, and Self-Cohesion
Having it means a person does not deny difficult realities but finds ways to cope that integrate the conflicting needs of the id, sugerego, and external world; Ego proactively engages the tension created by the id and the superego to find reasonable ways to mediate the differences and meet the various demands and needs without denying any
Insight Followed by Agency
If agency, action, and change follow insight, then it is meaningful counseling; If there are no changes, you need to work on the defense of intellectualization that is preventing the message from hitting home; best arrived at collaboratively
Emotional Maturity and Intelligence
Involves being aware of what one is feeling, understanding why one feels that way, and managing emotions in a mature and intelligent way rather than blindly reacting based on id like impulses or rigid superego codes of morality
Perfectionism
Desired outcome is to reduce the punitive nature of the superego, which typically takes the form of perfectionism; when a person’s superego dominates the personality, the person becomes obsessed following socially imposed rules and definitions of success without balancing the person’s personal needs and drives
Personality Change
Psychodynamic counseling approaches are designed to change personality and character structures; that is always the long-term goal and the most essential; achieved by resolving internal and unconscious conflicts, and involves a process of better understanding the self, marked by more meaningful and less conflictual relationships with significant people in their lives
Mature Dependency and Intimacy
By working through infant and childhood dependency issues, psychoanalysis enables adults to develop a mature and health dependency on others and the capacity for intimacy
Mature Dependency
Involves acknowledging the human need for community, selecting supportinve partners and friends, being emotionally vulnerable, and experiencing emotional and physical intimacy while still maintaining a clear identity
Possibilities which Exist for Interpretation
Dreams, fantasies and daydreams symptoms transference and countertransference Favorite metaphors and word choice Freudian slips of the tongue Jokes and asides
Resistance
When the client is not ready to bring unconscious material to conscious awareness
Affective Investment
Refers to a holistic analysis of where emotional energy is invested across the entire range of conscious and unconscious processes, including transference, infantile material, countertransference, and so on.
Steps for Providing Effective Interpretation
Begin with case conceptualization
Wait for the moment
Work from the present to the past
Assess client response
Understanding-Explaining Sequence
To solidify the counseling relationship and provide meaningful interpretation
Understanding - expression of sympathy
Explanation - provides some form of interpretation that helps the client understand the source of the emotion
Free Association
Involves asking a client to just say what comes to mind on a given topic; the client may describe recent events, memories, feelings, fantasies, bodily sensations, and any other material; analyst listens carefully for unusual connections, idiosyncratic logic, slips of the toungue, and efforts to edit or hold back; after this process, the analyst can provide interpretations to help promote insight into the client’s process
Dream Interpretation
Dreams have two layers of meaning: the manifest content is the literal content of the dream and the latent content is the unconscious material that must be interpreted to be accessed
Intersubjective Responding
Relying on the counseling relationship itself to create opportunities for clients to gain insight and make change; focusing on current relationship and the client’s interpretations of it, which may be related to culture, gender, economic status, or education as well as childhood experiences
Length of Brief Psychodynamic Approaches
May require from 12 to 50 sessions but typically end after 20
Brief Psychodynamic Approaches
Believe that early approoaches aim to strengthen the ego so that it can better manage problem impulses and resolve inner conflicts; counselor is more active; quickly identifying core dynamics that are targeted intervention; the counselor-client relationship is used as a learning forum for corrective emotional experiences, in which the counselor’s response helps correct old traumas
Phases of Brief Psychodynamic Counseling and Psychotherapies
Client Counseling Encounter Early Treatment Height of Treatment Evidence of Change Termination
Client Counseling encounter
Client and Counselor devlop a working rapport and mutually agree on a focus of treatment; counselor develops a case conceptualization of the client’s dynamics, focusing on those that are related to the identified problem
Early Treatment
Counselor confronts idealistic, positive transference and helps the client distinguish wishful thinking from realistic expectations of the counselor and the counseling process
Height of Treatment
During this working phase, the past is explored to better understand current problems and transference issues that arise in session; clients are encouraged to use new ways of relating both in and out of session
Evidence of Change
Clients begin to apply what they learn in session to everyday life
Termination
Once goals have been reached, counselors help them move toward termination rather than look for new goals, careful attention is paid to issues of loss and separation as treatment ends
Corrective Emotional Experiences
Involve using the counseling relationship to work through old childhood traumas and relational patterns; when done with sincerity and without reactivity on the part of the counselor, can be a profound healing experience for the client
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Based on the assumption that the interpersonal experiences in adulthood trigger childhood attachment issues, resulting in depression or similar disorder; apporach focuses on building strong interpersonal relationships to reduce the likelihood of relapse
Interpersonal Psychotherapy Focus
Interpersonal deficits (lack of skills or knowledge) Role expectations and conflicts (creating realistic expectations) Role transitions (redefining relationships based on developmental and contextual needs) Grief Issues (Past and current relational loss)
Phases of Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Initial Sessions
Intermediate Phase
Termination
Initial Sessions of Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Focuses on identifying one or two concerns from the four areas of concern; explanation of counsling process and diagnosis so that the client fully understands the process and how it will help
Intermediate Phase of Interpersonal Psychotherapy
During this working phase, the counselor actively helps the client address the targeted problems using a wide range of interventions that include psychoeducation, interpretation of patterns, advice giving, insight-stimulating questions, and behavior change techniques
Termination Phase of Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Requires two to four sessions to help the client develop confidence that he or she can handle future problems using the skills that he or she has learned
Core Conflictual Relationship Theme Method
Involves analyzing all accounts clients share about their interactions with others to identify core relationship themes that create conflict and problems
Elements analyzed using Core Conflictual Relationship Theme Method
The client’s wish (to be loved, appreciated, or acknowledged)
The Response of others, either real or imagined (rejection, disapproval, criticism, ignoring)
The Response of Self (anger, sadness, withdrawal, attacking other, blaming self, feeling trapped)
Time-Limited, Dynamic Psychotherapy
Designed for persons diagnosed with personality disorders, uses the counseling relationship to encourage corrective emotional experiences; use responses within the counseling relationship to provide new experiences for clients that enable them to change how they interact with others outside of session
Jungian Analysis
Premised on the collective unconscious
Collective unconscious
A store of universal archetypes, myths, fairy tales, and experiences that are part of each individual’s psyche and that can be used for psychological healing
Goal of Jungian Analysis
Build relationship between the unconscious and unconscious and the ego (how one sees and experiences the self)
Self
Higher-order self that is whole and complete; used to create a unique sense of individuality and connection with life, the cosmos, and the divine
Jungian Counselors
Analyze dreams, synchronicity experiences, and life patterns by analyzing the archetypical, mythic, and legendary themes to help clients become more aware of material in the personal unconscious and collective unconscious
Archetypes
Unconscious universal patterns that can be traced across cultures and influence how people think, feel, and behave; typical modes of apprehension; powerful forces that can be either destructive or healing, depending on how a person relates to it
Key Archetypes
Ego Self Shadow Persona Anima/Animus Hero Wise Old Man or Woman Trickster
Ego
Complex set of representations of oneself that has both conscious and unconscious elements that are both personal and collective; how one sees oneself, along with the conscious and unconscious feelings that accompany that view
Self
Archetype of wholeness that stems from a deeper connection with life and all humanity; supraordinate, organizing principle of the psyche, in many ways, incorporating all the others; Jungian counseling process is designed to help people become more aware of the self
Shadow
Moral problem that challenges the whole ego-personality, for no one can become conscious of the shadow without considerable moral effort; to become conscious of it involves recognizing the dark aspects of personality as present and real; represents the typically unpleasant, socially unacceptable, and immoral aspects of a person that are suppressed and/or unconscious; these can become the source of neurosis, psychosis, or compulsive behavior; involves the process of addressing the shadow and its contents which may or may not be negative and learning to own them as part of the self even if not acted on
Persona
Part of the personality developed and used in our interactions, our conscious, our social mask; serves as our public face, mediates between the outer world and the inner world; not inherently good or bad but frequently, source of trouble is when a person identifies with it rather than the Self
Anima/Animus
Below the unconscious masculine personality was a feminine side;
Hero
Often serves as a person; overidentification with a hero leads to problems commonly associated with hubris and overconfidence, namely, ultimate defeat and disgrace
Wise Old Man
Represents humanity’s collective wisom as well as certain qualities of masculinity, namely, strength, quietness, and fortitude
Wise Old Woman
Demonstrates feminine qualities such as nurturance and forgiveness;
Wise Old Man/Woman
Often makes an appearance toward the end of the counseling process as a client moves toward greater inner awareness
Trickster
Represents unexpected reversals and is a harbinger of transformation and change; makes many appearance, source of unexpected positive and negative turns during the process, and sometimes even the reason for a speedy end
Jungian Stages of Counseling
Confession
Elucidation
Education
Transformation
Confession
Clients recount or confess their life stories which often creates a sense of catharsis or emotional release; counselor listens empatherically and nonjudgementally, helping the client feel reconnected to another
Elucidation
Counselor helps the client gain insight about the transference relationship as well as childhood memories that are related to the problem
Education
Involves pointing out that no amount of confession and no amount of exlaining can make the crooked plant to grow straight; insight is translated into meaningful action
Transformation
Final phase, applies only to those clients who desire to seek individuation rather than simply symptom relief, which is generally achieved in the third stage; clients become more consciously connected with their Selves and the collective unconscious
Jungian Counseling Relationship
Therapists are collaborative educators working with clients in pursuing their unique journeys of individuation
Counselors are archetypal healers who must engage in the archetypal journey of healers to heal themselves
Collective Unconscious
Exists beyond the individual and represents the evolutionary mind of humanity, including archetypes, myths, images, and symbols that can be traced in cultures throughout the world
Jung’s Structure of Personality
Conscious mind
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
Conscious Mind
Part of the mind that one is aware of ; contains the ego
Personal Unconscious
Includes forgotten elements, repressed memories and elements that never were conscious
Collective Unconscious
Universal consciousness made up of archetypes that all individuals have access to
Complexes
Certain emotionally charged patterns that individuals have access to; potentially conscious but more typically unconscious;have archetypal elements that need to be explored
Polarities
Personality traits that get magnifired or minimized; maturity involves a balance of any two polarities
Enantiodramia
Refers to Heraclitus’ law that everything sooner or later turns into its opposite
Psychological Types
Extravert/Introvert
Thinking/Feeling
Intuitive/Sensing
Extravert/Introvert
Describes general attitude and orientation; basic approach to libidinal energy
Extraversion
Characterized by interest in the external object, responsiveness, and a ready acceptance of external happenings, a desire to influence and be influenced by events, a need to join in; focus of counseling is finding a healthy balance between the two.
Introversion
Hold aloof from external happenings, does not join in; own world is a safe harbor,
Thinking/Feeling
How people organize information and make decision on the basis of two styles; understanding a person’s type helps to better understand his or her motivations and reasons for making a decision
Thinking Types
Prefer analysis and logic
Feeling Types
Focus on values and morality, not necessarily emotions;
Individuation
Process of building a relationship between the conscious and unconscious and the ego and Self to create a unique sense of individuality while still connected to the larger human experience; primary focus during the second half of life, after the achievements of young adulthood are well established
Jung’s Wholeness of Human Spirit
Represented in the archetype of the Self and s fundamental to his approach; involves reconciling polarities and opposites within the psyche, increasingly bringing to consciousness the multifaceted elements of one’s humanity;
Jungian Interventions
Symbols Dream Analysis Active Imagination Analysis of Transference Synchronicity
Symbols
Pointing to meanings that are not yet fully understood which they distinguish from sign that are simply representational of a known thing; provide a way out of a dilemma, a transcendent coming together of the opposites; help clients guide her in how to use the symbol to help her interpret her life and inform new attitudes and behaviors
Role of Clinicians in Interpreting Symbols
Help client identify personally relevant symbols
Help clients decode their personal meaning for clients
Help clients use symbols to promote healing
Jungian Dream Analysis
Hallmark technique of Jungian analysis; Dreams were unconscious expressing iteself sometimes expressing repressed material, sometimes shadowing the future, and sometimes providing direction to the individuation process using its native language, symbols; employs a combination of using universal archetypal symbols and myth combined with the dreamer’s unique associations and meanings
Jungian Dream Interpretation
Identify dreamer’s associations
Identify universal symbols/symbol amplification
Consolidation of interpretations
Active Imagination
Helps develop a person’s relationship to their unconscious mind and archetypes; client uses content that has been received from the unconscious through dreams or other means and combines it with conscious intent to promote healing and transformation; visualization technique
Jungian Analysis of Transference
Client’s projections relate to their personal histories, typically from childhood; during this phase, the counselor helps the client recognize that these projections belong to the client and has the client withdraw them from the counselor and integrate them into their own personalities
Client learns to discern which elements of projection are personal and which are archetypal; involves identifying cultural, gender, and archetypal elements of projections
Personal reality of the counselor is differentiated from the projected image, and a human-to-human connection is made
Synchronicity
Refers to uncanny and meaningful coincidences that cannot reasonably be explained by chance;
Synchronistic Events
Information from the collective unconscious about what theme or archetypes the person should be attending to in order to facilitate the process of individuation
Jungian Interventions for Special Populations
Sand Play
Sand Play
Developed by Dora Kalff; provided a natural therapeutic modality for the child, allowing expression of both the archetypal and intrapersonal worlds;
Checklist for Psychodynamic Case Conceptualization
Level of consciousness Structures of the Self Drive Theory and Ego Psychology Secondary Gains Defense Mechanisms Erickson's Psychosocial Stages of Development Object Relations Theory.True Self Relational Matrix Unconscious Organizing Principles and Culture
Intuitive/Sensing
Person’s style of experiencing the world; counselors can use the knowledge of a person’s preference for experiencing to develop interventions that make sense to the client
Intuitive
Relying heavily on unconscious and collective unconscious information
Sensing
Relying more on information through the senses
Myers-Briggs
Developed by a mother-daughter team; used in business, college counseling, and numerous other arenas based on Jung’s personality characteristics; developed instruments that are commonly used to determine a person’s type
Judging/Perceiving
Added by Myers & Briggs; Refers to how one orients to outer life
Judging
Prefer to have things planned, ordered, and organized; feel most at ease after a decision has been made
Perceiving
Enjoy the process of exploring possibilities and have a spontaneous approach to life; they like to take in new information and experiences
Individuation
Building a relationship between the conscious and unconscious and the ego and Self to create a unique sense of individuality while still connected to the larger human experience
Examples of a Jungian Counselor’s Goals
Facilitate catharsis related to childhood experiences (early phase)
Increase awareness of persona and how it is maintained (early and middle phase)
Increase awareness and ecceptance of shadow elements of the self (middle and late phase)
Integrate shadow elements into conscious understanding of self (middle and late phase)
Increase sense of wholeness and well-being (late phase goal)
Increase sense of connection to others, humanity and/or the divine (late phase)
Symbols
Pointing to meanings that are not yet fully understood; provide a way out of a dilemma, a transcendent coming together of the opposites
Looking at Symbols
Help client identify personally relevant symbols
Help client decode their personal meaning for clients
Help clients use them to promote healing
Jungian Dream Analysis
Hallmark technique of Jungian Analysis; emplys a combination of using universal archetypes and myth combined with the dreamer’s unique associations and meanings
Phases of Jungian Dream Analysis
Identify dreamer’s associations
Identify universal symbols/symbol amplification
Consolidation of interpretations
Symbol Amplification
Analyst identifies potential archetypal elements in the dream;
Active Imagination
Helps develop a person’s relationship with the unconscious mind and archetypes; client uses content that has been received from the unconscious through dreams or other means and combines it with conscious intent to promote healing and transformation; goal is to have the conscious and unconscious minds work in tandem to balance and correct problematic polarities
Jungian Analysis of Transference
Clients’ projections relate to their personal histories, typically from childhood, counselor helps the client recognize that these projections belong to the client and has the client withdraw them from the counselor and integrate them into their own personalities
The client learns to discern which elements of projection are personal and which are archetypal; involves identifying cultural, gender and archetypal elements of projections
The personal reality of the counselor is differenctiated from the projected image, and a human-to-human connection is made
Synchronicity
Refers to uncanny and meaningful coincidences that cannot reasonably be explained by chance;
Synchronistic Events
Information from the collective unconscious about what theme or archetypes the person should be attending to in order to facilitate the process of individuation
Interventions for Special Populations
Sand Play
Sand Play
A distinct form of intervention, Jungian approach using a sand tray with miniature figures, distinct from the more generic use of sand tray that can be used from any counseling approach; developed by Dora Kalff; provided a natural therapeutic modality for the child, allowing the expression of tboth the archetypal and intrapersonal worlds as well as connecting the child to outer everyday reality (Uses sand trays, Figurines)
