Chapter 4: Probability Concepts

Question 1

Probability Theory is the science of ______. It allows you to evaluate and control the likelihood an inferential statistic is correct.

Answer 1

uncertainty

Question 2

When outcomes are equally likely, the probability of an event is equal to the ________

Answer 2

relative frequency

Question 3

What is the freqentist interpretation of probability

Answer 3

The probability of an event is the proportion of times it occurs in a large number of repetitions of an experiment

Question 4

____ is a mathematical description of the experiment based on certain primary aspects and assumptions

Answer 4

Probability model

Question 5

What is the primary aspect and assumption of the equal-likelihood model

Answer 5

All possible outcomes are equally likely to occur

Question 6

Name for an event with a probability of 0

Answer 6

impossible event

Question 7

Name for an event with a probability of 1

Answer 7

certain event

Question 8

The collection of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the _____

Answer 8

sample space

Question 9

An ______ is a collection of outcomes for the experiment that is a subset of the sample space. It _____ if the outcome of the experiment is a member of the subset.

Answer 9

Event, occurs

Question 10

Events and relationships among events can be easily visualized using ______

Answer 10

Venn diagrams

Question 11

Express the event “E does not occur”

Answer 11

(not E)

Question 12

Express the event both A and B occur

Answer 12

(A & B)

Question 13

Express the event both A or B or both occur

Answer 13

(A or B)

Question 14

Two or more events are _______ if no two share outcomes in common

Answer 14

Mutually Exclusive Events

Question 15

P(E) represent ______

Answer 15

The probability of E in probability notation

Question 16

The special addition rule can only be used if events are __________

Answer 16

mutually exclusive

Question 17

The complement of an event E

Answer 17

(not E)

Question 18

In the general addition rule, you ______ doubly counted shared events from the sum

Answer 18

subtract out

Question 19

Data from one variable of a population is called _____. From two variables is called ______.

Answer 19

univariate data, bivariate data

Question 20

The frequency distribution for bivariate data is called a ______

Answer 20

contingency table/two-way table

Question 21

Joint probabilities describe joint events, and are ___ in a joint probability distribution

Answer 21

cells

Question 22

Marginal probabilities correspond to a single event and are found in the ____ of a contingency table

Answer 22

margin (end of row/column)

Question 23

Express the conditional probability that event B occurs given that event A occurs: _____ A is the _____ event.

Answer 23

P(B|A), given

Question 24

A ____ can be used to visualize the general multiplication rule

Answer 24

tree diagram

Question 25

If P(B|A) = P(B) an event B is _____ of event A

Answer 25

independent

Question 26

If event B is independent of event A, event A is also independent of event B. A and B are _____

Answer 26

independent events

Question 27

If P(A&B) != P(A) * P(B), B and A are ______

Answer 27

dependent events

Question 28

Events are ______ events if one or more of them must occur

Answer 28

exhaustive

Question 29

An event and its ______ are mutually exclusive and exhaustive

Answer 29

complement

Question 30

The rule of total probability is also referred to as ____

Answer 30

the stratified sampling theorem

Question 31

In Bayesian statistical inference, the probability of an event before new data is collected is called _____

Answer 31

prior probability

Question 32

In Bayesian statistics, the revised or updated probability of an event occurring after taking into consideration new information is called ______

Answer 32

posterior probability

Question 33

Techniques that do not rely on a direct listing for determining the number of ways something can happen

Answer 33

Counting rules

Question 34

The ______ assumes sequential actions each with a defined number of possibilities and multiplies together the possibilities of all actions to find total possible outcomes

Answer 34

Basic Counting Rule

Question 35

_____ is the product of the first k positive integers

Answer 35

k factorial, denoted k!

Question 36

A ______ of r objects from a collection of m objects is any ordered arrangement of r of the m objects

Answer 36

permutation

Question 37

mPr (read “m permute r”) denotes what?

Answer 37

The number of possible permutations of r objects that can be formed from a collection of m objects

Question 38

The number of possible permutations of m objects among themselves is __. This is called the ______.

Answer 38

m!, special permutations rule

Question 39

A _____ of r objects from a collection of m objects is any unordered arrangement of r of the m objects – any subset of r objects from a collection of m objects.

Answer 39

combination

Question 40

What is denoted by mCr (read “m choose r”)

Answer 40

The number of possible combinations of r objects formed from a collection of m objects

Question 41

T/F There will be more combinations than permutations given a set of r objects from a collection of m objects

Answer 41

False, the number of combinations will be the number of permutations divided by the number of possible permutations of r objects among themselves

Question 42

Express the number of possible samples of a size n from a population of size N as a combination

Answer 42

NCn