Chapter 4 -- Normative Argumentation

Question 1

argumentation theory

Answer 1

interdisciplinary study of analyzing and evaluating arguments

Question 2

argument

Answer 2

set of statements of which one is claimed to follow from the others

Question 3

conclusion of an argument

Answer 3

the statement is affirmed on the basis of the premises of the argument

Question 4

premises

Answer 4

statements which are affirmed as providing support or reasons for accepting the conclusion

Question 5

valid argument

Answer 5

an argument whose conclusion follows with necessity from its premises: if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true

Question 6

modus ponens

Answer 6

from a valid argument in which the conclusion “q” follows from the premises “p” and “if q then p”

Question 7

fallacy

Answer 7

error or deficiency in an argument

Question 8

modus tollens

Answer 8

form of a valid argument in which the conclusion “not-p” follows from the premises “if p then q” and “not-q”

Question 9

deductive argument

Answer 9

argument which has a conclusion that is enclosed in (implied by) the premises

Question 10

plausibility principle

Answer 10

the principle that enumeration and supplementary argumentation in a non-deductive argumentation can make the conclusion plausible

Question 11

inductive argument

Answer 11

type of non-deductive argument; argumentation from the particular to the general

Question 12

critical questions

Answer 12

questions belonging to a certain type of non-deductive argumentation to check the degree of plausibility of a conclusion

Question 13

sound argumentation

Answer 13

an argumentation for which the corresponding critical questions can be answered positively and which therefore makes the conclusion plausible if the premises are true

Question 14

argumentation by analogy

Answer 14

type of non-deductive argumentation; an argumentation based on comparison with another situation in which the judgement is clear; the judgement is supposed also to apply to the analogous situation

Question 15

means-end argumentation

Answer 15

type of non-deductive argumentation; an argumentation in which the from a given end the means are derived to realize that end

Question 16

causality argumentation

Answer 16

type of non-deductive argumentation; an argumentation in which an expected consequence is derived from certain actions

Question 17

proof from the absurd

Answer 17

deductive argumentation in which a certain proposition is proved by showing that the the negation of the proposition leads to a contradiction

Question 18

characteristic judgement argumentation

Answer 18

type of non-deductive; based on the assumption that a certain judgement about a thing or person can be derived from certain characteristics of that thing or person