Chapter 4 - Neural Comm 2/Properties Of Drugs

Question 1

• Absorption:

Answer 1

passage of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream

Question 2

• Liberation:

Answer 2

process of drug molecules separation from the pill or solution in which it was delivered

Question 3

• Distribution:

Answer 3

the passage of a drug from the bloodstream to sites in the body

Question 4

• Bioavailability:

Answer 4

ability of a drug to reach a site of action

Question 5

• Blood-brain barrier (BBB):

Answer 5

barrier that surrounds the blood capillaries and vessels in the brain and prevents substances in blood from entering the brain

Question 6

• Passive diffusion through the blood-brain barrier:

Answer 6

BBB penetration by lipid-soluble, uncharged, small substances

Question 7

• Active transport through the BBB:

Answer 7

mechanisms consisting of channels or other types proteins that transport chemicals through endothelial cell membranes

Question 8

• Nonspecific binding:

Answer 8

binding of a drug to sites that are not the intended target for a drug’s effects

Question 9

• Biotransformation

Question 10

• Metabolite:

Answer 10

product resulting from enzymatic transformation of a drug

Question 11

• Phase I biotransformation:

Answer 11

first biotransformation phase for a drug that normally involves P450 enzymes and produces a water-soluble metabolite

Question 12

• Phase II biotransformation:

Answer 12

second biotransformation phase occurring through conjugation of a drug’s metabolites, making them resistance to passive diffusion

Question 13

• Personalized medicine:

Answer 13

method of prescribing treatments most appropriate for a patient’s unique biological makeup

Question 14

• First-pass metabolism:

Answer 14

drug metabolism that occurs prior to absorption into the bloodstream

Question 15

• Active metabolite:

Answer 15

a drug’s metabolite that has physiological effects

Question 16

• Prodrugs:

Answer 16

a physiologically weak or inactive compound metabolized in the body to produce an active drug

Question 17

• Elimination:

Answer 17

process for how a drug leaves the body

Question 18

• Elimination rate:

Answer 18

amount of drug eliminated from the body over time

Question 19

• Half-life:

Answer 19

duration necessary for the body to eliminate half of a drug

Question 20

• First-order kinetics:

Answer 20

the elimination of a drug in half-lives

Question 21

• Zero-order kinetics:

Answer 21

the elimination of a drug in non-half-lives

Question 22

• Pharmacodynamics:

Answer 22

mechanisms of action for a drug

Question 23

• Binding affinity:

Answer 23

drug’s strength of binding to a receptor

Question 24

• Receptor affinity:

Answer 24

drug’s ability to alter the activity of a receptor

Question 25

• Agonist:

Answer 25

drug that activates a neurotransmitter receptor

Question 26

• Antagonist:

Answer 26

drug that fails to activate a receptor

Question 27

• Partial agonist:

Answer 27

drug that possesses a weaker efficacy for activating receptors than a full agonist

Question 28

• Competitive antagonist:

Answer 28

drug that binds to the same site as a neurotransmitter, preventing a neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor

Question 29

• Non-competitive antagonist:

Answer 29

drug that does not prevent a neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor, but does prevent the neurotransmitter from activating the receptor

Question 30

• Allosteric regulator:

Answer 30

a substance that binds to site on a protein and causes a conformational change in the protein, but neither activates nor prevents activation in the protein

Question 31

• Positive modulator:

Answer 31

a chemical substance that binds to an allosteric site on a receptor and increases the ability of a neurotransmitter to bind to and/or activate the receptor

Question 32

• Negative modulator:

Answer 32

a chemical substance that binds to an allosteric site on a receptor and decreases the ability of a neurotransmitter to bind to and/or activate the receptor

Question 33

• Neurotoxins:

Answer 33

substances that damage or destroy parts of the nervous system

Question 34

• Environmental neurotoxicology:

Answer 34

a field devoted to the study of neurotoxins in the environment

Question 35

• Tolerance:

Answer 35

occurs when a user must take greater doses of a drug to achieve the desired effects

Question 36

• Pharmacokinetic tolerance

Answer 36

[drug dispositional tolerance]: pharmacokinetic action that reduce the amount of drug reaching its site of action increased rate of drug conversion to metabolites

Question 37

• Pharmacodynamic tolerance:

Answer 37

reduced responsiveness to a drug at the drug’s site of action

Question 38

• Behavioural tolerance:

Answer 38

decreased behavioural responsiveness to a drug’s effects

Question 39

• Conditioned

Answer 39

[contingent tolerance]: occurs as a physiological response to stimuli associated with substance use that serves to counteract a drug’s physiological actions

Question 40

• Cross tolerance:

Answer 40

tolerance for other drugs with similar biological actions

Question 41

• Sensitization:

Answer 41

increased responsiveness to a drug’s effects

Question 42

• Dependence:

Answer 42

needing a drug to be able to function normally

Question 43

• Withdrawal syndrome:

Answer 43

the collection of withdrawal symptoms for a drug

Question 44

• Physical dependence:

Answer 44

presence of physical withdrawal symptoms when a drug is not taken

Question 45

• Psychological dependence:

Answer 45

presence of psychological withdrawal symptoms when a drug is not taken