Chapter 4 - Molecules and Compounds Flashcards
What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?
covalent, ionic, metallic
What are covalent bonds?
non metal reacting with non metal
sharing of electrons
lower melting and boiling point
What are Ionic bonds?
metal reacting with non metal
transfer of electrons
higher melting point and boiling point
What are metallic bonds?
metals bonding together
What is the Empirical formula?
relative number of each atom (e.g. CH)
What is the molecular formula?
the actual number of each atom (e.g. C6H6) (Benzene)
What are Lewis Dot structures?
simple way to depict the valence electrons in an atom, product reactivity and structure of compounds (represented by dots of electrons in outer shells)
What is the Octet rule?
atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons until they have a full outer shell
In Ionic bonding which elements lose electrons? to form what?
Alkali and alkaline earth metals due to low ionisation energy
form cations
In ionic bonding which elements gain electrons? to form what?
Halogens - have a high electron affinity
form anions
What is lattice energy?
stabilisation that accompanies the formation of the crystal lattice
heat released when the solid crystal forms from separate ions in the gas state
always exothermic
What can lattice energy be calculated by?
is hard to measure directly, can be calculated by Born-Haber cycle
What are the steps to naming a binary ionic compound where metal has only 1 possible charge?
- full name of cation (metal)
- add ‘ide’ to anion (non metal)
How do you name an ionic compound where metal has multiple charges?
1.full name of cation
2. charge of cation (represented in roman numerals in brackets) (e.g. Pb (IV) … )
3. add ‘ide’ to anion
Polyatomic Ions need to be memorised; what is C2H3O2^-
Acetate
What is CO3^2-?
Carbonate
What is HCO3^-?
Hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate)
What is OH^-
Hydroxide
What is NO2^-
Nitrite
What is NO3^-
Nitrate
What is CrO4^2-
Chromate
What is Cr2O7^2-
Dichromate
WHat is PO4^3-
Phosphate
What is HPO4^2-
Hydrogen phosphate
What is H2PO4^-
Dihydrogen phosphate
What is NH4^+
Ammonium
What is ClO^-
Hypochlorite
WHat is ClO2^-
Chlorite
WHat is ClO3^-
Chlorate
What is ClO4^-
Perchlorate
What is MnO4^-
Permanganate
What is SO3^2-
Sulfite
What is HSO3^-
Hydrogen sulfite (or bisulfate)
What is SO4^2-
Sulfate
What is HSO4^-
Hydrogen Sulfate (Bisulfate)
What is CN^-
Cyanide
What is O2^2-
Peroxide
How do you name a polyatomic ion?
- name of cation
- name of polyatomic ion
What are Hydrates?
water molecules built into ionic lattice