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NASM Free ch. 3, 4 Cardio System, Bioenergetics > Chapter 4 Metabolism and Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Metabolism and Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is defined as All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself?

The process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

What is defined as the examination of bioenenergetics as it relates to the unique phisiological changes and demands placed on the body during exercise?

A

Exercise Metabolism

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3
Q

What is the material or substance on which an enzyme acts?

Examples:

A

Substrates

Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (fats)

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4
Q

What are organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy?

All of these are eventually broken down in the body to…

A

Carbohydrates

broken down into glucose, a simple sugar.

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5
Q

What is defined as a simple sugar?

What is it manufactured by the body from?

Why is it important?

A

Glucose

carbohydrates, fat, an to a lesser extent protein,

serves as the body’s main source of fuel.

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6
Q

What is a more complex form of carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells?

When can it be rapidly broken down into glucose and used as energy (ATP)?

A

Glycogen

When blood glucose is low during periods of prolonged or intense exercise.

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7
Q

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body.

A

Fat

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8
Q

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

When calories are consumed but not immediately needed they are converted to this and transported to fat cells

(When there is more glucose in the body than cells can readily use)

A

Triglycerides

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9
Q

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

How often do they supply energy during exercise or act as a source of fuel for energy metabolism?

When does it become a significant source of fuel?

A

PROTEIN

Rarely supplies much energy during exercise and in many descriptions is ignored as a significant source of fuel for energy metabolism.

When protein becomes a significant source of fuel is starvation.

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10
Q

What is the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids (proteins)

When does it occur?

A

Gluconeogenesis

low-calorie diet or starvation (During a negative energy balance)

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11
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The study of energy.

how energy is transformed in the human body through various biochemical reactions.

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12
Q

A high-energy compound/molecule that stores energy (to be used in cellular and mechanical work including exercise) and is a transfer unit within the cells of the body.

Energy storage and transfer unit within cells of the body

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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13
Q

Define Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP).

Where is it found?

A

A high-energy compound occurring in all cells

from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed.

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14
Q

What are the three metabolic ways that cells can generate ATP?

A

Cells generate ATP through:

  1. The ATP-PC System (PC = Phosphocreatine)
  2. Glycolysis
  3. The Oxidative system
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15
Q

What is the ATP-PC System?

What makes it significant?

Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

How long does it provide energy for?

When is it activated?

What are two activities that would use this system?

A
  • The process of creating a new ATP molecule from a phosphocreatine molecule.
  • The simplest and fastest of energy systems
  • Occurs without the presence of oxygen (anaerobic)
  • Provides energy for Approx. 10-15 seconds
  • Activated at the onset of exercise, regardless of intensity, b/c of its ability to produce energy very rapidly in comparison with the other systems.
  • Strength training, or sprinting
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16
Q

What is glycolysis?

Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

What is its duration?

Why is glycolysis signifiant (2 reasons)?

What is the end result?

A
  • A means of producing ATP through chemical breakdown of glucose.
  • Anaerobic
  • Approx. 30-50 seconds duration
  • Lasts about 8-12 repetitions so most workouts will put greater stress on this system.
  • CREATES SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF ENERGY (2 ATP per glucose, 3 ATP per glycogen)
  • -End Result: *Glucose or Glycogen broken down into Lactic Acid (anaerobic glycolysis) or Pyruvic Acid (aerobic glycolysis)*
  • EXTRA:*
  • -*Glucose/Glycogen must be converted to glucose-6-phosphate before glycolysis can occur. *converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate uses 1 ATP molecule *convert glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate does not*
17
Q

What is the Oxidative System (oxidative phosphorylation)?

What are its defining characteristics in terms of simplicity/complexity, speed, and longevity?

When is it used for energy?

What is its main fuel source?

A
  • The process of creating energy or ATP with oxygen and substrates (mainly fat)
  • The most complex of the the energy systems for generating ATP
  • Speed is not its strong point (gradually increases over at least the first 5 minutes),
  • But can produce for an indefinite amount of time (b/c everyone has ample fat storage)
  • Used at rest for indefinite periods of time and during sustained exercise
18
Q

What are the 3 Oxidative/Aerobic Systems?

A
  1. Aerobic Glycolosis - use of O2 to form Pyruvic Acid (versus lactic acid in regular anaerobic glycolosis)
  2. The Krebs Cycle - Pyruvic Acid converted into Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) and oxidized to produce 2 units of ATP and by-products CO2 and hydrogen, hydrogen then is combined with other enzymes
  3. The electron transport chain (ETC) - first two processes then provide energy for the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
19
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

(The first step in the oxydation of fat)

  • The breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits called free fatty acids (FFAs) to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP.
  • requires more oxygen to produce ATP
20
Q

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise.

A

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

21
Q

What is the Respiratory Quotient (RQ)?

How is it calculated?

What is it used for?

A

-The amount of carbon dioxide expired divided by the amount of oxygen consumed, (measured during rest or at a steady state of exercise using a metabolic analyzer).

RQ = VCO2 / VO2

-used to estimate fuel contribution during exercise (fats vs carbs)

22
Q

What is the study of HOW ENERGY is TRANSFERRED into USABLE FORM in the human body through different chemical reactions?

A

Bioenergetics

23
Q

The formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources such as amino acids

A

Gluconeogenesis

24
Q

What percentage of energy released from ATP is actually used for cellular work, like muscle contraction, while the remainder is released as heat?

A

40%

25
Q

What is the chemical equation for the release of energy from ATP?

A

ATP <=> ADP + Pi (phosphate) + Energy release

26
Q

The material or substance on which an enzyme acts. Dietary food broken down into smaller by-products.

A

Substrates

27
Q

What does EPOC stand for and what does it mean?

A

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption–

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise because of increased oxygen consumption.

28
Q

Is recovery an aerobic or anaerobic event?

Why is this relevant in games?

A

Aerobic

Thus games need to have periods of training that address aerobic energy production despite the fact that games are not constant-pace exercise.

29
Q

What does an RQ of 1 and an RQ of .7 mean in terms of

oxygen versus CO2?

effort,

and fuel source,

A
  • RQ of 1 means just as much CO2 is expelled as O2 inhaled
  • lower effort
  • and Carbs are supplying 100% of the fuel.
  • RQ of .7 means less CO2 is being expelled than O2 is consumed (more oxygen is being used in the body)
  • higher effort
  • fat is supplying 100% of the fuel.
30
Q

For ten minutes someone is taking a mild walk and someone else is taking a brisk power walk.

  • Who is burning a higher percentage of calories from fat?
  • Who is burning more fat?

EXTRA:

-Who has the RQ of .8 and who has .9?

A

The mild walker is burning a higher percentage from fat

The power walker is buring more fat.

The mild walker is has an RQ of .8, and power walker is .9

31
Q

What is use of O2 to form Pyruvic Acid (versus lactic acid) in the production of ATP

A

Aerobic Glycolosis! =D

32
Q

In the production of ATP, what is it called when Pyruvic Acid is converted into Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) and oxidized to produce 2 units of ATP and by-products CO2 and hydrogen, hydrogen then is combined with other enzymes

A

The Krebs Cycle

33
Q

In the production of ATP, when aerobic glycolosis and the kerbs cycle provide energy for the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

A

Electron Transport Chain

34
Q

What do carbohydrates break down into?

What do triglycerides break down into?

What do protiens break down into?

(This is the substrate form)

A

Carbs –> Glucose

Triglycerides –> Fatty Acids

Proteins –> Aminio Acids

35
Q

What is it called when fat is metabolized aerobically to produce ATP?

A

beta - oxidation

36
Q

Which is more energy dense, a fat molecule or a carb molecule?

Which breaks down faster?

Which requires more oxygen for use?

A

Fat more energy dense

Carbs break down faster

Fat requires more oxygen to use

37
Q

What is the substrate form of protein?

What are they primarily known for their use in?

A

Aminio acids

Building and repairing soft tissues

38
Q

What happens after 90 minutes of exercise in regards to energy metabolism?

A

The majority of muscle glycogen stores are depleted

NASM Free ch. 3, 4 Cardio System, Bioenergetics (2 decks)

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