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NASM Free ch. 3, 4 Cardio System, Bioenergetics > Chapter 3 Cardiorespiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cardiorespiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the system of the body composed of two closely related systems that work together to provide the body with adequate oxygen and nutrients and to remove waste products such as CO2 from cells in the body.

A

Cardiorespiratory System

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2
Q

What is the system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels that transport the blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.

A

What is the Cardiovascular System?

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3
Q

What is the hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction.

A

the heart

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4
Q

What 2 things do both cardiac and skeletal muscle contain?

Which of those two are longer?

Which has irregularly spaced dark bands between cells called intercalated discs, built-in conduction system that sends electrical

A

Both contain myofibrils and sarcomeres aligned side by side (gives striated appearance)

  • Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, muscle fibers are shorter than Skeletal Muscles,
  • Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, muscle fibers are longer than Cardiac
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5
Q

What are Intercalated Discs? Where are they located? What is their function?

A
  • dark bands between cardiac muscle cells
  • help hold muscle cells together during contraction and create an electrical connection between the cells that allows the heart to contract as one functional unit
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6
Q

What is the Mediastinum

A

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organ of the chest except the lungs.

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7
Q

A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pacemaker for the heart.

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

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8
Q

A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that receives heartbeat impulses from the sinoatrial node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

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9
Q

Where are the Atria?

What do they do?

Describe right versus left functions.

A
  • Top of the heart
  • Collects blood returning to the heart
  • Right Atrium: deoxygenated from the entire body
  • Left Atrium: oxygenated from the lungs.
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10
Q

What are Ventricles?

Where are the located?

Describe Right vs. Left functions.

A
  • Pumps blood out of the lungs or body
  • Bottom side of the heart
  • Right Ventricle: Pumps blood to the lungs from the right atrium
  • Left Ventricle: Pumps blood to the rest of the body from the left atrium
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11
Q

What is the path of blood travels through in relation to the heart?

A

Oxygenated blood, red, travels from the lungs to the left atrium (top Left). It then fills the left ventricle (bottom) before being pushed out to the body.

Deoxygenated blood, blue, returns to the heart from various body segments through the right atrium (top right). From the right atrium the blood travels through the right ventricle and out to the lungs to be be saturated with oxygen.

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12
Q

EXTRA: Which side of the heart is the Pulmonic side? Why?

A
  • The right side.
  • It receives blood from the body that is low in O2, and high in CO2 (deoxygenated) and pumps it to the lungs and then back to the left atria.
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13
Q

EXTRA: Which side of the heart is the Systemic side? Why?

A
  • The left side.

- It pumps blood high in O2 and low in CO2 (oxygenated) to the rest of the body.

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14
Q

EXTRA: What are the two types of valves called that prevent backflow or spillage of blood back into heart chambers.

A
  1. Atrioventricular Valves (tricuspid and mitral valves)

2. Semilunar Valves (pulmonary and aortic valves)

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15
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

What is the average volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

77 milliliters

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16
Q

EXTRA: What does End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) mean?

A

Is the filled volume of the ventricle before contraction.

-Approx. about 120mL of blood.

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17
Q

EXTRA: What does End-Systolic Volume (ESV) mean?

A

the residual volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection.
-Approx. about 50mL of blood.

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18
Q

EXTRA: How do you find the Stroke Volume (SV)?

A 
The difference between EDV and ESV. 
Example: 
EDV = 120mL, ESV = 50mL 
120-50=70 
SV = 70mL
19
Q

What is the Heart Rate (HR) and what is the average for an adult?

A

The rate at which the heart pumps.

70-80 beats per minute

20
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

What is the formula?

A

-The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (mL blood/min).

Formula: Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)

Example: 70bmp (HR) x 70mL/beat (stroke volume) = 4,900mL/min (4.9L/min)

21
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A

TRANSPORTS: 1. carries nutrients, hormones, and oxygen to the body, 2. Removes waste products

REGULATES body temperature, fights infections

PROTECTS 1. from bleeding by clotting
2, with immune cells to fight disease

22
Q

What are the three types of cells in blood and what are their functions?

A
  1. Red Blood Cells: carry O2 from the lungs throughout the body
  2. White Blood Cells: help fight infection
  3. Platelets: help with clotting
23
Q

Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body.

A

Blood Vessels

24
Q

EXTRA: What is Plasma? How much of it makes up the total volume of blood?

A
  • Aqueous, liquid-like component of blood.

- 55%

25
Q

What are the names of the blood vessels in the order in which they travel?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Capillaries
  4. Venules
  5. Veins
26
Q

EXTRA: What is the main function of an Artery? List the largest artery in the body, as well as the branches that lead out from the largest artery.

A

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart.

  • Largest artery in body is the Aorta (carries blood away from the heart)
  • Branches (medium-sized): carotid artery, subclavian artery, mesenteric arteries, renal artery, and the iliac artery.
27
Q
  • The smallest blood vessels
  • The site of exchange of chemicals (O2, Nutrients, Hormones, and waste products) and water between the blood and the tissues.

What two blood vessels do they connect?

A

Capillaries

-Connects venules with arterioles.

28
Q

What is a system of organs (the lungs and respiratory passageways) that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream.

A

Respiratory System (Pulmonary System)

29
Q

What is composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration.

A

Respiratory Pump

30
Q

What are the two phases of breathing (ventilation)?

A
  1. Inspiration (or inhalation)

2. Expiration (or exhalation)

31
Q

EXTRA: What is Inspiration? How is intrapulmonary pressure affected? Is it active or passive? What muscles are used for normal resting quiet breathing versus heavy, deep forced breathing? Which type of breathing is related to the primary respiratory muscles versus secondary respiratory muscles?

A

The process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body (inhalation).
Interpulmonary pressure decreases below that of atmospheric pressure
Normal breathing uses primary respiratory muscles: diaphragm external intercostals
Heavy breathing uses secondary respiratory muscles: scalenes pectoralis minor

32
Q

EXTRA: What is Expiration? How is intrapulmonary pressure affected? Is it active or passive? What muscles are used?

A

The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body (exhalation).
Intrapulmonary pressure increases
It is active or passive
Internal intercostals and abdominals

33
Q

EXTRA: Describe Conducting Airways and the 7 body parts associated.

A
  • Consist of all structures that air travels through before entering the respiratory airways. Allows incoming air to be purified, humidified (or moisture added) and warmed or cooled to match body temperature.
  • Nasal Cavity, Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Right and Left Pulmonary Bronchi, Bronchioles
34
Q

EXTRA: Describe Respiratory Airways and the body parts associated.

A
  • collects the channeled air coming from the Conducting Airway
  • Alveoli, Alveolar Sacs (located at the end of bronchioles)
35
Q

What is the process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues in the body?

A

Diffusion

36
Q

What is the Equation for Oxygen Consumption (Fick Equation)? What does it tell us?

A

Vo2 = Q (a-v O2)
Oxygen consumption = the amount of blood pumped per minute × the difference in oxygen between the arteries and the veins
Vo2: oxygen consumption
X Q: Cardiac Output the amount of blood pumped per minute=(HR x SV) heart rate and stroke volume (beats/min)(amount of blood per beat)
a-VO2: Arterial-Venous Difference (difference in O2 content between the blood in the arteries and the blood in the veins)

Heart rate plays a major factor in determining volume of oxygen.

37
Q

What is Maximal Oxygen Consumption (V02max) and what is it used for? How is it determined? What can its values range from?

A
  • The highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization during maximal exercise.
  • used for measuring cardiorespiratory Fitness
  • Only way to determine is to directly measure ventilation, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production during maximal exercise test.
  • V02max values can range anywhere from 40 to 80mL/(kg min), or approximately 11 to 23 METs.
38
Q

What does Vo2 stand for?

A

Volume of Oxygen consumption

39
Q

How much is one MET? What does MET stand for? What does MET mean?

A

1 MET = 3.5 mL Oxygen/kg body weight/min
MET: Metabolic equivalent
One MET is resting Vo2 (Oxygen consumption)

40
Q

Where are (gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) transported in and out of the bloodstream through diffusion?

A

Alveolar sacs

41
Q

EXTRA: The nasal cavity oral cavity pharynx larynx trachea right and left pulmonary bronchi and bronchioles are all examples of what?

A

Conducting Airways

42
Q

EXTRA: What two categories are the respiratory passages divided into?

A

Conducting Airways and respiratory Airways

43
Q

At rest how many mL of O2 do we consume per kilogram of body weight per minute?

A

3.5mL

NASM Free ch. 3, 4 Cardio System, Bioenergetics (2 decks)

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