Chapter 4- Mary I

Question 0

Which 4 key Protestant leaders were arrested in 1553?

Answer 0

Cranmer, Latimer, Ridley and Hooper.

Question 1

What did the Statute of Repeal do (1553)?

Answer 1

Restored England to it’s state prior to the Edwardian Reformation. (Restored to the Six Articles)

Question 2

When were Cranmer, Latimer, Ridley and Hooper executed?

Answer 2

Cranmer- 1556

Latimer, Ridley and Hooper- 1555

Question 3

Which Laws were reintroduced and what was absolved by Mary in 1554?

Answer 3

Heresy Laws reintroduced.

Supremacy absolved but Mary still had an erastian power over the Church. Pope was restored to figurehead.

Question 4

What were the Twelve Decrees on Clerical Discipline? (1554)

Answer 4

Mary’s attempt to reduce corruption. Against 4 mains abuses. Showed that abuses of the Church had not changed since 1529.

Question 5

When were the Royal Injunctions put in place and what did they do?

Answer 5

1554.

Removed married clergy. Suppressed heresy and priests reordained under the English ordinal.

Question 6

How many Protestants fled to Germany and Switzerland during the mass exodus of 1554?

Answer 6

800

Question 7

What was the Great Act of Repeal in 1555?

Answer 7

It restored England to it’s state prior to the Henrician Reformation.

Question 8

Who was the first Protestant martyr and when was her executed?

Answer 8

John Rogers. Feb 1555.

Question 9

Who replaced Cranmer?

Answer 9

Cardinal Pole.

Question 10

Why did Pole misunderstand the English people?

Answer 10

He had been in Rome since 1533.

22 years

Question 11

What was Mary’s misconception about the English people and why was it significant?

Answer 11

Mary believed that the populace wanted roman-Catholicism when actually they were less radical and wanted Anglo-Catholicism. This meant that Mary’s policies would take longer to implement change and this hindered her due to the brevity of her reign. She didn’t have time to make such radical change.

Question 12

Who replaced Julius III in 1555, and why did this hinder Mary?

Answer 12

Paul IV

He was an anti-Habsburg Pope. This caused tension and undermined Mary’s attempts to reconcile England and Catholicism.

Question 13

Why was Mary limited by the dissolution?

Answer 13

Ex-monastic lands could not be returned to the Pope. This limited Mary as recatholicisation could never be fully achieved.

Question 14

How many Protestants were burned under Mary and why is this number significant?

Answer 14

286
Significant as it was not many in context. Pilgrimage of Grace, 200 executed 1536 alone and Elizabeth killed far more in her reign.

Question 15

Who was burned by Mary?

Answer 15

Repeat offenders.

Question 16

Why did Mary burn Protestants?

Answer 16

Removal of opposition

Also, she genuinely believed that she was saving them- the fire would purify their souls.

Question 17

Where were most burnings?

Answer 17

The South-East.

Evidence to show Protestantism was still geographically restricted. The north and west remained staunchly catholic.

Question 18

What were Mary’s aims?

Answer 18

1) re-catholicisation.

2) secure succession

Question 19

What attempts were made to repress Protestantism?

Answer 19

Indexes of banned texts. Several acts made slander of Royalty punishable by treason. Commissions to administer heresy laws.

Question 20

Why did repression fail?

Answer 20

Protestant texts were not always seized. Protestant literature outnumbered Catholic literature 2:1.

Question 21

Was persecution successful?

Answer 21

Short term: relatively as it removed key Protestant leaders and there were no contemporary rebellions
Long term: not successful. Entrenched Protestantism.

Question 22

Was legislation successful?

Answer 22

Short term: achieved short term aim of ensuring that England was legally catholic (despite erastian nature) before restoring relationship with the Pope.
Long term: relative success as Elizabeth found it very difficult to undo Marian legislation. Easter Bill. However it legitimised persecution which entrenched Protestantism in the long term.

Question 23

Were Mary’s legislative policies popular?

Answer 23

Quick return of Catholic imagery deemed idolatrous under Edward.
But the extent of support that it garnered it questionable as the religion of the populace remained relatively unchanged. No Edwardian policies enforced. Population unaffected. Evidence- lack of religious motives in western and Ketts.

Question 24

How were bishops in Norwich good evidence for Mary’s success in legislation and education?

Answer 24

Many priests in Norwich divorced.

Question 25

What hindered Mary’s policies regarding education?

Answer 25

Brevity of reign, combined with misunderstandings. Her misunderstandings meant that changes would take longer (as more radical). She didn’t have time due to brevity.

Question 26

How successful was education?

Answer 26

Short term: some success. Norwich, seminaries. But relatively little change due to brevity.
Long term: successful- bishops ordained under Mary remained loyal to her and carried forward her aims. Made it difficult for Elizabeth. However could have been more successful if she lived longer.

Question 27

To what extent was Mary’s religious policy a failure 1553-1559?

Answer 27

Persecution was most failure (entrenched) though enjoyed some success (removed leadership).
Legislation was most successful as it restored England to Cath doctrinally. Caused probs for Elizabeth however legitimised entrenchment.
Education: some success. Caused probs for Elizabeth and Norwich. Always going to be a long policy. Limited.