Chapter 4 - Lungs And Lung Disease

Question 0

Define inspiration

Answer 0

When air pressure of the atmosphere is greater than the air pressure inside the lungs so air is forced into the alveoli

Question 1

Define ventilation

Answer 1

To maintain diffusion of gases, air must be constantly moved in and out of the lungs

Question 2

Define expiration

Answer 2

Air pressure in lungs is greater than atmosphere so air is forced out of alveoli

Question 3

Explain how the downward movement of the diaphragm leads to air entering the lungs.

Answer 3

It contracts, causing it to flatten, which increases volume of the thorax which reduces pressure in the lungs, causing air to enter the lungs

Question 4

Pulmonary ventilation = ?

Answer 4

Tidal volume x. Ventilation rate

Question 5

Describe the path by which oxygen goes from an alveolus to the blood?

Answer 5

Through the alveolar epithelium through the capillary epithelium.

Question 6

What are the symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis and how is it transmitted?

Answer 6

• persistent cough
• tiredness
• loss of appetite
  > spread via droplets
  > can also be spread by cows

Question 7

How is pulmonary tuberculosis spread and transmitted

Answer 7

1) bacteria transmitted in droplets
2) bacteria is engulfed by phagocytes
3) bacteria is encased in a wall
4) which stops them from replicating
5) if immunosurpressed, bacteria activate
6) bacteria destroy alveoli
7) which leads to scar tissue forming
8) so smaller SA which means less diffusion

Question 8

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 8

Scarring and thickening of lung epithelium

Question 9

What are the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 9

Shortness of breath
Chronic, dry cough
Chest pain
Weakness and fatigue

Question 10

What effect do the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis have on the lungs?

Answer 10

> lungs have less air
harder for oxygen to diffuse
lungs are less efficient
decreased respiration

Question 11

What is asthma?

Answer 11

Having an allergic reaction to things such as pollen, fur, dust etc

Question 12

What happens to a person who has asthma?

Answer 12

White blood cells release a chemical called histamine

Question 13

How does the body react to asthma?

Answer 13

> Lining of bronchi/bronchioles dilate
epithelial cells secrete excess mucus
fluid enters the airways from capillaries
muscles contract and constrict the bronchioles

Question 14

What causes emphysema?

Answer 14

• Smoking
• elastin proteins in the lungs become permanently stretched
• Lungs can’t force air out of alveoli
• surface area of alveoli reduces

Question 15

Symptoms of emphysema?

Answer 15

Shortness of breath: smaller alveolar surface area so reduced levels of oxygen.
Chronic cough: consequence of lung damage

Question 16

What disease effects ventilation by inhalation?

Answer 16

Asthma

Question 17

What disease prevents ventilation by exhalation?

Answer 17

Fibrosis+emphysema

Question 18

What disease prevents large surface area of the lungs?

Answer 18

Emphysema

Question 19

What disease prevents short diffusion pathway?

Answer 19

Fibrosis