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Biology Unit 1 > Chapter 3 - Cells And Movement In And Out Of Them > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells And Movement In And Out Of Them Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Define “resolution”?

A

Minimum distance apart that two objects can be in order for them to appear as seperate items

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1
Q

Define “magnification”?

A

How many times bigger the image is when compared to the object

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2
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Where cells are broken up and their organelles are seperated

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3
Q

Why must a solution be cold?

A

To reduce enzyme activity

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4
Q

Why must a solution be isotonic?

A

To prevent bursting or shrinking as a result of osmosis

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5
Q

Why must a solution be buffered?

A

To maintain constant pH

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6
Q

What is homogenation?

A

Cells that are broken up by a homogeniser (blender) which releases organelles

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7
Q

Explain the following things about a light microscope;

  • uses a beam of…
  • beam is focused by…
  • image forms on…
  • resolution of…
A
  • light
  • lenses
  • human eye
  • 0.2 micrometers
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8
Q

Explain the following things about an electron microscope;

  • uses a beam of…
  • beam focused by…
  • image forms on…
  • resolution of…
A
  • electrons
  • magnets
  • fluorescent screen
  • 0.1 nanometers
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9
Q

Limitations of an electron microscope?

A

Needs a very thin specimen

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10
Q

limitations of a light microscope?

A

The specimen surface is important

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11
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic; Prokaryotic;
Distinct nucleus No nucleus
Membrane bound organelles Membrane bound organelles

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12
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells?

A

To absorb and secrete

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13
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

It acts a control centre of the cell through production of MRNA and hence aids in protein synthesis

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14
Q

Where would you find the nuclear envelope and what is it’s function?

A

Surrounding the nucleus. It is a double membrane. The outer membrane is continuous with ER and has a ribosomal surface.

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15
Q

Where would you find nuclear pores and what is it’s function?

A

On the nucleus surface and they allow passage of large molecules.

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16
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

Granular jelly like material found in the nucleus

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17
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

DNA found within the nucleoplasm.

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18
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

Small sphere within the nucleoplasm, manufactures ribosomal RNA

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19
Q

What 3 things does a mitochondrion consist of?

A
  • double membrane
  • cristae
  • matrix
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20
Q

What does a double membrane of a mitochondrion do?

A

Surrounds organelle and outer layer controls movement of materials. Inner membrane us is folded to form cristae

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21
Q

What does cristae do?

A

Provide large surface area for the attachment of enzymes involved in respiration

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22
Q

What does the matrix do?

A

Semi rigid material containing protein, lipids, and traces of DNA to control production of their own proteins.

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23
Q

What is RER and it’s functions?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Provide large SA for protein synthesis. Also provide transport pathway.

24
Q

What is SER and it’s functions?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

25
Q

What is Golgi Apparatus?

A

Occurs in eukaryotic cells, similar to SER but is more compact. Stack of membranes that are flattened, with vesicles. Lipids produced by ER pass through the GA and proteins are modified adding carbs.

26
Q

What is the function of GA?

A

Adding carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins. Transport, store and modify lipids to form lysosomes.

27
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Formed when vesicles from the GA contain enzymes. They isolate potentially harmful enzymes from the rest of the cell.

28
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Break down ingested materials. Release enzymes to the outside of the cells or to destroy outer material. Digest worn out organelles so no harmful chemicals are made.

29
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

Small cytoplasmic granules. There is two types;
70 S - found in prokaryotic
80 S - found in eukaryotic

30
Q

What is a ribosomes function?

A

Contain ribosomal RNA and protein. Important for protein synthesis

31
Q

Describe microvilli

A

Finger like projections that increase SA

32
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Add ethanol to veg oil
Shake to dissolve any lipids
Add water and shake gently
Cloudy white = presence of lipid

33
Q

What role to lipids play in life?

A

An energy source
Insulation
Protection

34
Q

Structure of glycerol?

A

It’s an alcohol so has 3 OH groups on its chain
OH. OH. OH
|. |. |
H - C - C - C - H

35
Q

What is different in the structure of a fatty acid?

A

It’s hydrocarbon has COOH groups

36
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

No double bonds

37
Q

What does mono-saturated mean?

A

There is one double bond

38
Q

What does poly-unsaturated mean?

A

More than one double bond

39
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

Same as a lipid except one of the fatty acid molecules is replaced by a phosphate molecule

40
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

Plasma membrane surrounding cells that controls the movement of materials in/out of the cell.

41
Q

What is the role of proteins?

A

Phospholipids form a bilayer, protein molecules occur on the surface or are embedded in the bilayer. They never extend completely across it. Give mechanical support. All as cell receptors.

42
Q

Why is the cell surface membrane described as fluid mosaic?

A

The individual phospholipids molecules can move relative to one another. Also because proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer in the same way as a mosaic fits with individual pieces of tilling

43
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The net movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to a low concentration.

44
Q

Why is diffusion “passive”?

A

The energy is from the inbuilt motion of particles.

45
Q

What 3 things effect rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient
Area over which it takes place
Thickness of exchange surface

46
Q

What us different about facilitated diffusion to normal diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion only occurs at certain points of the membrane. The channels are selective so only open at presence of specific ions or molecules.

47
Q

Define “osmosis”?

A

The passage of water from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential

48
Q

Define “active transport”?

A

The movement of molecules/ions from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration.

49
Q

What is needed during active transport in order for molecules/ions to move?

A 
Metabolic energy (ATP) 
Carrier proteins
50
Q

Define co-transport?

A

Where 2 substances are simultaneously transported across a membrane through carrier proteins. Doesn’t use ATP

51
Q

What characteristics do villi have which make them efficient for absorption?

A

Thin walls
Lined with epithelial cells
Increase SA
Well supplied with blood vessels

52
Q

What adaptations do microvilli have?

A

Increases SA

53
Q

Describe the role of diffusion in absorption?

A

There is a concentration gradient between the small intestine and blood (glucose)
Glucose diffuses into the blood
The glucose is absorbed by the circulation of blood
Maintaining concentration gradient

54
Q

What causes cholera?

A

Rod shaped bacterium called vibrio cholerae

55
Q

What does the genetic material in bacteria look like.?

A

Circular strands which have separate pieces of DNA called plasmids

56
Q

How is cholera transmitted?

A

Ingestion of water or food containing faecal matter containing vibrio cholerae

57
Q

How does the cholera bacterium cause disease?

A
  • Bacterium use flagella to propel themselves into the mucus lining of the intestinal wall.
  • produce a toxic protein which binds to receptors in the small intestine
  • also causes ion channels to open so chloride ions flood the intestine
  • loss of chloride ions raises water potential
  • causes loss of water and ions from the blood and tissues which causes symptoms of cholera.
58
Q

3 causes of diarrhoea?

A

Damage to epithelial cells which line the intestine
Loss of microvilli
Excessive secretion of water

Biology Unit 1 (7 decks)

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