Chapter 4: Lifestyle and Career Development

Question 1

__________ is considered the “father” of career guidance.

a. Frank Parsons
b. George Merrill
c. Donald Super
d. Mark Savickas

Answer 1

a. Frank Parsons

Question 2

The __________ is a division of ACA that strives to promote
individuals’ career development throughout the lifespan.
a. National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA)
b. American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA)
c. National Career Development Association (NCDA)
d. National Employment Counseling Association (NECA)

Answer 2

c. National Career Development Association (NCDA)

Question 3

According to the NCDA Code of Ethics, which of the following
behaviors is considered unacceptable when using the Internet?
a. Refusing to provide services to a client who refuses to
self-identify
b. Referring a client to an online job posting site that lists
valid openings and appropriate employer contact
information
c. Informing clients of the issues and limitations related to
maintaining confidentiality when using career technology
d. Using mass e-mails to advertise career counseling
services and solicit new clients.

Answer 3

d. Using mass e-mails to advertise career counseling

services and solicit new clients.

Question 4

The __________ allows employees to take up to 12 weeks of
unpaid leave when they are unable to perform their job, need to
care for a sick family member, or need to provide care to a child.
a. Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938
b. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
c. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
d. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Answer 4

b. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

Question 5

The Minnesota point of view, developed by Edmund Williamson,
is considered to be a(n) __________ counseling approach.
a. developmental
b. computerized
c. directive
d. Rogerian

Answer 5

c. directive

Question 6

Kate is the primary caregiver to her elderly mother. Lately, Kate
has had a difficult time focusing on her tasks at work because she
is constantly worried about her mother’s health. Kate is most
likely experiencing
a. a lack of job satisfaction.
b. role spillover.
c. low career adaptability.
d. role conflict.

Answer 6

b. role spillover.

Question 7

Expressed interests refer to

a. the activities in which people engage.
b. interests that are verbally reported.
c. an individual’s knowledge of a specific topic.
d. activities individuals hurry to complete.

Answer 7

b. interests that are verbally reported.

Question 8

Occupational stress has been linked to
a. a decrease in physical symptoms and an increase in
psychological symptoms.
b. increased self-efficacy.
c. a decrease in risky behaviors.
d. burnout.

Answer 8

d. burnout.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT true regarding self-efficacy?
a. People will be more likely to engage in a work behavior
or task if they believe they can succeed.
b. Persons with high self-efficacy tend to perform at higher
levels than those with low self-efficacy.
c. Individuals with low self-efficacy may overestimate their
actual abilities.
d. Persons with low self-efficacy may avoid making career
decisions.

Answer 9

c. Individuals with low self-efficacy may overestimate their

actual abilities.

Question 10

Salary, benefits, and job security are three examples of

a. lifestyle values.
b. extrinsic work values.
c. cultural values.
d. intrinsic work values.

Answer 10

b. extrinsic work values.

Question 11

According to career trait and factor theory, clients are to integrate
self-understanding and ___________________ in order to make a
career decision that will lead to satisfaction.
a. knowledge of the work environment
b. ability
c. values
d. intuition

Answer 11

a. knowledge of the work environment

Question 12

___________________ refers to an employee’s contentment with
the work environment. ___________________ describes the
employer’s satisfaction with an individual’s job performance.
a. Tenure; Satisfaction
b. Satisfaction; Satisfactoriness
c. Satisfaction; Tenure
d. Satisfactoriness; Satisfaction

Answer 12

Satisfaction; Satisfactoriness

Question 13

According to Holland’s theory of types, the personality type IAS is
most congruent with which of the following work environments?
a. IRE
b. ECS
c. IAS
d. IAE

Answer 13

c. IAS

Question 14

For a person with the Myers-Briggs typology INTP, N indicates
a. an interest in one’s inner world.
b. the use of insight to make meaning of the events in one’s
world.
c. the use of the five senses to take in information about the
events in one’s world.
d. the need to weigh many facts before reaching a decision.

Answer 14

b. the use of insight to make meaning of the events in one’s

world.

Question 15

Gottfredson emphasizes the role that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ play in making
career decisions.
a. transitions and crises
b. gender and prestige
c. self-concept and life roles
d. accessibility and race

Answer 15

b. gender and prestige

Question 16

Ann was promoted to a senior analyst position a year ago. This
past year, she attended several continuing education workshops
to update her skills and stay abreast of the new developments in
the field. According to Super’s lifespan, life–space career theory,
in what developmental stage is Ann?
a. Growth
b. Establishment
c. Maintenance
d. Implementing

Answer 16

c. Maintenance

Question 17

Super recognized that individuals can recycle through the various
stages during their lifetime, re-entering a stage that they have
been through before. Which of the following scenarios is an
example of recycling?
a. An employee is promoted to vice president of his
company and has to learn new skills.
b. An employee retires after 30 years of working in the
health care industry.
c. A recent college graduate enters the workforce and
begins working in the education field.
d. An employee loses her job in construction after 15 years
and begins taking classes at the local college to pursue a
career in architecture.

Answer 17

d. An employee loses her job in construction after 15 years
and begins taking classes at the local college to pursue a
career in architecture.

Question 18

Hopson and Adams’s model of adult transitions proposes that
crises are usually
a. nonevents and involuntary.
b. unanticipated and involuntary.
c. voluntary and anticipated.
d. chronic hassles and unanticipated.

Answer 18

b. unanticipated and involuntary.

Question 19

Nine-year-old Suzie tells her father that she cannot be a plumber
when she grows up because only boys are plumbers. Suzie is
demonstrating which of following concepts from Gottfredson’s
theory?
a. Compromise
b. Career adaptability
c. Circumscription
d. Career maturity

Answer 19

c. Circumscription

Question 20

Which career theory emphasizes the role of self-efficacy in career
decision making?
a. Roe’s relational theory
b. Gelatt’s decision-making model
c. Social cognitive career theory
d. Janis and Mann’s conflict model of decision making

Answer 20

c. Social cognitive career theory

Question 21

According to social cognitive career theory, which of the
following is an example of a proximal factor that may influence a
client’s career decision?
a. The client’s sexual orientation
b. Cultural expectations of heteronormativity
c. Access to a master’s program at a four-year university
d. The client’s genetic predispositions

Answer 21

c. Access to a master’s program at a four-year university

Question 22

Jenna is a second-semester sophomore and needs to declare her
major by the end of the semester, but she remains undecided.
Her academic advisor has suggested that she research career and
major information to help her reach a decision. However, Jenna
has been putting off this task for several months and still has not
made a decision. Jenna is displaying
a. unconflicted change.
b. defensive avoidance.
c. hypervigilance.
d. vigilance.

Answer 22

b. defensive avoidance.

Question 23

Kelly (2013) proposed that individuals develop __________ that
assist them in finding purpose at work, evaluating career
decisions and tasks, and developing a sense of identity through
work.

a. career narratives
b. task approach skills
c. life themes
d. vocational constructs

Answer 23

d. vocational constructs

Question 24

Both Krumboltz’s social learning theory and __________ stress the
influence of chance events on an individual’s career trajectory.

a. chaos theory of careers
b. integrative life planning
c. career construction theory
d. cognitive information process approach

Answer 24

a. chaos theory of careers

Question 25

If a client is administered My Vocational Situation (MVS) and
receives a low score on the Barriers scale, he or she may

a. have a high need for educational information.
b. be having difficulty obtaining needed education and/or
training.
c. not have a clear and stable view of personal vocational
goals.
d. face few vocational barriers.

Answer 25

b. be having difficulty obtaining needed education and/or

training.

Question 26

Which of the following assessments is based on Holland’s
hexagon model and is self-administered, self-scored, and self interpreted?

a. Self-Directed Search
b. Vocational Preference Inventory
c. My Vocational Situation
d. Career Development Inventory

Answer 26

a. Self-Directed Search

Question 27

Which inventory would you administer to determine whether a
client is experiencing decision-making confusion, commitment
anxiety, and/or external conflict in regard to vocational decision
making?

a. Career Beliefs Inventory
b. Career Transitions Inventory
c. Career Thoughts Inventory
d. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Answer 27

c. Career Thoughts Inventory

Question 28

__________ inventories reveal what an individual finds enjoyable
and motivating but do not necessarily correlate with ability or job
success.

a. Interest
b. Personality
c. Values
d. Career development

Answer 28

a. Interest

Question 29

__________ is NOT one of the four temperaments included in the
Keirsey Temperament Sorter II.

a. Artisan
b. Guardian
c. Scientist
d. Idealist

Answer 29

c. Scientist

Question 30

The helping field is one occupation that is projected to have the
fastest growth rate over the next decade. This growth is due to
__________ needs as the demand for counselors, psychologist,
and social workers exceeds the current number of professionals
working in the field.

a. replacement
b. workforce
c. population
d. growth

Answer 30

d. growth

Question 31

Janet is a stay-at-home mom, who is not actively seeking
employment outside of her home. Janet is part of the

a. nonlabor force.
b. SAHM group.
c. workforce.
d. unemployed group.

Answer 31

a. nonlabor force.

Question 32

In order to provide clients with high quality occupational
information, counselors should ensure that occupational
information is all of the following EXCEPT:

a. is accurate and free from bias or stereotyping.
b. is presented in a clear and concise manner.
c. is less than 10 years old.
d. specifies the intended purpose and target audience.

Answer 32

c. is less than 10 years old.

Question 33

Stan would like to research occupations using the Standard
Occupational Classification System. Which of the following
sources of occupational information should he use?

a. The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)
b. Occupational Information Network (O*NET)
c. Choices Explorer
d. The Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)

Answer 33

b. Occupational Information Network (O*NET)

Question 34

Jason is a middle school counselor who would like to implement
a computer-assisted career guidance system at his school that will
be able to match students’ self-assessment results to occupational
information. Which of the following would be best suited for
Jason’s needs?

a. System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI 3)
b. Choices
c. DISCOVER
d. Occupational Information Network (O*NET)

Answer 34

c. DISCOVER

Question 35

Which of the following statements is TRUE of career counseling?

a. Career counseling does not address client personal
issues.
b. At times career counseling focuses on a client’s mental
health issues rather than career-related issues.
c. Career counseling does not involve the use of the basic
helping skills (e.g., paraphrasing, reflecting).
d. Career counseling is similar to personal counseling, but
in career counseling a client’s career-related issues
remain the central focus of the counseling process.

Answer 35

d. Career counseling is similar to personal counseling, but
in career counseling a client’s career-related issues
remain the central focus of the counseling process.

Question 36

In the middle phase of career counseling, the counselor

a. establishes the therapeutic alliance.
b. reviews the client’s progress and prepares the client for
future challenges.
c. develops an action plan and provides interventions to
address the client’s concerns.
d. gathers information about the client’s significant work
and life experiences.

Answer 36

c. develops an action plan and provides interventions to

address the client’s concerns.

Question 37

Jamie’s counselor has her complete a pictorial diagram of familial
relationships to understand how family members have influenced
her career development. The name of this technique is

a. a vocational card sort.
b. a career genogram.
c. guided imagery.
d. informational interviewing.

Answer 37

b. a career genogram.

Question 38

In career counseling, interventions

a. are employed in the termination phase of counseling.
b. can only be implemented in a group setting.
c. can address issues related to career exploration,
vocational decision making, and career transitions.
d. are not driven by one particular theoretical approach.

Answer 38

c. can address issues related to career exploration,

vocational decision making, and career transitions.

Question 39

__________ uses the power of the imagination to help clients gain
insight into their vocational interests.

a. Guided imagery
b. Career genogram
c. Job shadowing
d. Vocational card sort

Answer 39

a. Guided imagery

Question 40

Which of the following statements is an example of an objective
for a career counseling program?

a. This program assists clients in improving their quality of
life.
b. This program’s intention is to serve the career needs of
individuals with mental health in the community.
c. This program will decrease client barriers to employment,
as measured by My Vocational Situation, by the
termination session.
d. To assess the career needs of the international students
enrolled in post-graduate program’s at four-year
universities.

Answer 40

c. This program will decrease client barriers to employment,
as measured by My Vocational Situation, by the
termination session.

Question 41

Tim is planning to evaluate a program he developed for women
re-entering the workforce. He would like to assess the degree to
which participants were engaged in the program’s activities.
According to Dane and Schneider (1999), Tim needs to assess

a. program adherence.
b. program exposure.
c. program quality.
d. participant responsiveness.

Answer 41

d. participant responsiveness.

Question 42

__________ is NOT included in the program planning phase.

a. Conducting a needs assessment
b. Defining the target population
c. Marketing and promoting the program
d. Establishing program goals and objectives

Answer 42

c. Marketing and promoting the program

Question 43

When defining a target population to be served by the program,
counselors should

a. consider demographics such as age, race, SES, and
gender.
b. explore the population’s perception of the problem.
c. determine whether or not the population’s needs are
being met by an existing program.
d. determine the community’s need for a career
development program.

Answer 43

a. consider demographics such as age, race, SES, and

gender.

Question 44

Program evaluation can

a. identify gaps between services that exist and community
needs.
b. assess the effectiveness of the program in meeting its
goals and objectives.
c. establish program goals and objectives.
d. All of the above.

Answer 44

b. assess the effectiveness of the program in meeting its

goals and objectives.