Chapter 4 : Lecture notes

Question 1

What is communication between neurons?

Answer 1

A series of events leads to the release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Question 2

What organ did Otto Lowei work with?

Answer 2

The heart. He learned that communication could be involved without electrcity. He believed it had to be something chemical. First to prove that it can be chemical

Question 3

What does voltage tell you?

Question 4

Voltage- gated Calcium Channels

Question 6

What are the two types of postsynaptic potentials?

Question 7

LIgand-gated ion channels

Question 8

G-protein coupled receptors

Question 9

Receptors

Answer 9

Different families & types off receptors that each do something different.

Question 10

What are ionotropic receptors?

Question 11

What is the difference between excitatory or inhibitory.

Question 12

Know everything about action potential.

Question 13

Know concentration inside the cell

Question 14

Hyperpolarization

Question 15

Presynaptic

Question 16

Postysynaptic

Question 17

Action potential

Answer 17

Amplitude of AP never changes. The frequence changes. Can get to positive dfourties.

Answer 18

AMplitude changes as dunction of activitu

Question 19

Sensory & afferent nerves.

Question 20

Pain receptors

Question 21

Inhibiotry potenital and responses

Answer 21

Regulate activity of the cell

Question 22

Graded potentials

Answer 22

Graded potentials travel passively & decay. They are not regenterated like action potentials

Question 23

GP

Answer 23

Move from synapse to axon hillock

Question 24

Neurotransmitters are terminated by three things. What are they?

Answer 24

1. DIffusion: floats away from the synapse
2. Reuptake: returned to presynaptic neuron
3. Enyzmatic degradation: Deactivated by an enzyme

Question 25

Enzyme

Question 26

Autoreceptor

Question 27

Storage vesicle

Question 28

True or false. Neurotransmitters permanently bind to the receptr

Answer 28

Neurotransmitters do not permanently bing to the receptor, they quicky detach and the neurotransmitter is termindated by Diffusion, reuptake, or enzymatic degradation.

Question 29

Diffusion

Answer 29

Transmitter substnace floats away from the synapse

Question 30

Reuptake

Answer 30

The transmitter subtance is returned to the presynaptic neuron.

Question 31

Enzymatic degradation

Answer 31

The transmitter action is deactivated by an enzyme.

Question 32

Glial cells

Question 33

Axon-dendritic

Answer 33

Most common type of connection.

Question 34

Axosomatic

Question 35

AXoaxomic

Question 36

Dendro-dendritic

Answer 36

More involved in olfaction

Question 37

Motorneuron

Question 38

Synaptic terminals

Question 39

Spatial summation

Answer 39

It has to do with many connections.

Question 40

SOms

Answer 40

Transcription & helps cell do other functions. Integrating graded potentials

Question 41

Temporal summation

Answer 41

Can only be one synpase, but the frequency of stimulus has to be high

Question 42

Ionotropic receptors & metabotropic receptors

Question 43

Effector protein

Question 44

Transcription or translation

Question 45

Effector enzyme

Question 46

Substrate protein

Question 47

protein kinas

Answer 47

Can have short term effects: effects neurotransmitter release and synthesis. Sensitivity or

Question 48

Short-term modulatory processes

Answer 48

Neurotransmitters synthesis & release. Receptor sensitivity. Short-term memory

Question 49

Long-term modulatory processes

Answer 49

- Regulation of gene expression - Synthesis of channels, receptors, second messenger systems - Synaptogenesis - Synaptic plasticity ( learning & memory)

Question 50

G-protein