Chapter 2: Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four regions of the neuron?
A
1.Dendrites. 2. Soma. 3. Axon. 4. Terminal Button * Synaptic Button.
2
Q
What do neurons do?
A
Transmit electrochemical signals
3
Q
What is the neuron doctrine?
A
Cells in the nervous system are separate and do not merge into eachother. Individual cells are independent. By : Santiago Ramon y Cajal
4
Q
What is the cytoplasm?
A
It is separated from the external environment by a membrane made of lipids. It is a semi-watery fluid.
5
Q
What are dendrites and what do they do?
A
They bring electrical information to the cell body through graded potentials.
6
Q
What are some facts about dendrites?
A
- Several per cell- rough spines- no insulation- near the cell body
7
Q
What is the input zone known as?
A
Dendrites.
8
Q
What zone is the Cell body ( Soma) known as?
A
The integration zone.
9
Q
What is in the soma?
A
They are where organelles are found.
10
Q
What takes place in the soma?
A
Protein Synthesis.
11
Q
What are the 6 organelles in the soma called?
A
- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribpsomes
- Golgi Body
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
12
Q
What are proteins?
A
They are 20 different types of amino acids
13
Q
What are proteins made out of?
A
Proteins are made out of polypeptides and amino acids.
14
Q
What are the 7 functions of proteins? Hint: TCAEMSS
A
- Transport: Bind & carry molecules
- Channel: Allow passage of ions across the cell
- Antibody: Bind to specific foreign particles
- Enzymes: Carry out chemical reactions in cells
- Messenger: Hormones or peptides that regulate biological processes
- Signaling: Receptor proteins that recognize chemical signals
- Structure: Provide structure & support of cells
15
Q
What is Protein Synthesis?
A
The instructions on how to assemble amino acids together to form a protein.
16
Q
What is protein synthesis encoded with?
A
DNA.
17
Q
What are the two DNA pairs?
A
Adenine- Thymine. Guanine-Cytosine.
18
Q
What is transcription?
A
Transcription is when DNA is separated by an enzyme , which exposes a portion of a DNA strand.
19
Q
RNA cannot transport DNA where & why?
A
It cannot transport it to the cytoplasm because it is too large.
20
Q
What happens after the portion of the DNA strand is exposed?
A
RNA polymerase copies the strand to synthesize the RNA
21
Q
What is the difference in pairs comparing RNA to DNA?
A
ATCG. & Adenine & Uracil
22
Q
What is translation?
A
MrNA is transported to the cytoplasm.
23
Q
Once the MRNA is transported to the cytoplasm, what happens next?
A
It interacts with ribosomes.
24
Q
What is the role of ribosomes in mRNA?
A
They read the MRNA strand to identify the amino acid that is needed
25
3 mRNA nucelotides are known as a ?
Codon.
26
What do codons do?
They encode for 1 out of 20 amino acids.
27
What do anticodons do?
They match to the codon on RNA.
28
What happens to amino acids in translation?
Amino acids are attached to TRNA which have an anticodon that matches to the codon on RNA
29
Why are proteins important?
They allow the cell to carry out its functions.
30
What is the essential function of the cell body?
Proteins are synthesized from amino acids that are linked together by ribosomes to create complex structures.
31
What is the role of ribosomes in translation?
They use mRNA to assemble the chain of amino acids in order to form a protein
32
Define the three steps of Protein Synthesis
1. DNA is transcribed to produce mRNA
2. mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm
3. Ribosomes use mRNA to assemble the chain of amino acids in order to form a protein
33
Axons are only found where?
In neurons
34
What do axons specialize in?
They transfer information in the form of an electrical signal or action potential.
35
What zone is regarded as the conducting zone?
The axon because it transfers information.
36
Where does the axon begin?
It begins are the axon hillock.
37
What kind of proteins are found in the axon hillock?
They are important for action potentials.
38
What is a synapse?
When an axon connects to another cells.
39
Where does an axon end?
It ends at the terminal button.
40
What zone is the terminal button and what happens here?
Output zone. The axon makes a connection with another neruon.
41
What are the three internal bone structures of the neuron?
Microtubules, microfilaments, & neurofilaments.
42
What is axoplasmic transport?
This is when microtubules allow for transportation across the neuron.
43
What are the two types of axoplasmic transport and what are their directions?
Anterograde: Soma to terminal
Retrograde: Terminal to soma
44
What protein is involved in Anterograde axoplasmic transport and what is its purpose?
Kinesin protein. It moves the vesicle across the microtubules in an ATP dependent process. It carries newly synthesized proteins.
45
What protein is involved in Retrograde axoplasmic transport and what is its purpose.
Dynactin protein transports the vesicle back to the soma in an ATP dependent process. It communicates metabolic needs and waste material.
46
List the key differences between axons and dendrites.
A: Smooth. D: Rough
A: One per cell D: Several per cell
A: Myelinated. D: Unmyelinated
A: Branches away from cell body D: Branches near cell body
A: Takes info away from cell body. D: Brings info to cell body
47
A synapse is a point of contact with?
Another cell.
48
Define the three synaptic trio
Presynaptic neuron: Axon terminal of a neuron
Synaptic Cleft: Small gap
Postsynaptic neuron: Dendrite of a second neuron
49
The synaptic cleft is there because cells are
Not physically connected to other cells. Cleft is a small gap.
50
How do cells communicate?
A neurotransmitter is packaged a the presynaptic terminal button & is released nto the synaptic cleft.
51
Postsynaptic membrane fact
The chemical travels to receptor proteins found on the post-synaptic membrane to transmit information that triggers an electrical signal-graded potential.
52
Name the four zones in a neuron
1. Dendrites: Input zone
2. Soma: Integration zone
3. Axon/nerve fiber: Conducting zone
4. Axon terminal or synaptic button: Output zone
53
Information flow is
Pre-synaptic to post-synaptic
54
Dendrites receive information from other neurons and transmits it towards what?
The cell body via an electric signal/graded potential.
55
Which zone processes information & initiates an electrical signal ( action potential?)
The integration zone: Soma.
56
Which zone transmits electrical signal ( action potential) away from the body and towards the terminal button?
Axon/Nerve Fiber. The conducting zone.
57
Which zone transfers information to other cells via a chemical signal?
The axon terminal or synaptic button is known as the output zone. The point of contact is a synapse.
58
What are the three morphology neuronal types and what characteristics of neurons define them? ( How are neurons classified?
Multipolar. Bipolar. Unipolar. They are classified by the number of axons & dendrites they have.
59
What is the c-Fos protein?
It shows the neuronal activity of cells.
60
How many neurons are in the human brain?
100 billion.
61
Are glial cells capable of an electrochemical signal?
No
62
Which cells provide support & nutrients to neurons?
Glial cells.
63
What type of cell is an astrocyte?
It is a glial cell.
64
Which type of cells provide physical, support, transport nutrients, increase blood flow, & help form synapses?
Astrocytes. Astrocytes weave between neurons..
65
Which cells support neuroplasticity?
Astrocytes.
66
Which types of cells remove debris at the site of injury?
Microglia.
67
What is the purpose of oligodendrocytes & schwann cells?
They both wrap around axons to insulate them with myelin.
68
How many axons do oligodendrocytes myelinate?
Multiple.
69
How many axons do Schwann cells myelinate?
One singular axon.
70
Where in the body do oligodendrocytes myelinate?
In the brain and spinal chord. ( Central nervous system.)
71
Where in the body do schwann cells myelinate?
In the peripheral nervous system.
72
What are nodes of ranvier?
These are gaps in the myelin sheath.
73
The central nervous system is encased within the?
Skull & spinal chord.
74
What is the peripheral nervous system made out of?
It is made up of nerve tissue located outside the brain & spinal chord.
75
Within the PNS there are two other systems. What are they?
They are the somatic nervous system & the autonomic nervous system. Also, the PNS is involved with sensory & motor functions.
76
You made an acronym for the functions of the nervous system. It is D.R.M.E. Or ,"dreamy." What does this stand for?
1. Detect stimuli in the environment.
2. Recognize the significance of stimuli.
3. Make a decision.
4. Execute a response.
77
The autonomic nervous system & somatic nervous system both have two types of nerves. What are they?
The afferent nerves & the efferent nerves.
78
What are afferent nerves connected to?
Your senses: sensory.
79
What are efferent nerves connected to?
Motor. Motor functions.
80
The phrase ," rest & digest," is related to which part of the autonomic nervous system?
The parasympathetic nervous system.
81
The phrase," fight or flight," is related to which part of the autonomic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system. ( SNS)
82
The parasympathetic nervous system & the sympathetic nervous system are related to the afferent nerves of the efferent nerves?
The efferent nerves. " Motor functions."
83
Which nervous system detects environmental information inside and outside the body?
The peripheral nervous system.
84
Where does the peripheral nervous system send its information to?
The central nervous system.
85
What is the role of the central nervous system?
It recognizes and analyzes information form the PNS and makes decisions, and transmits decisions to glands , internal organs, & muscles for execution.
86
The central nervous system recognizes, analyzes, and makes decisions. Which nervous system executes the decision?
The peripheral nervous system executes ( or carries out) the decisions formed by the CNS.
87
The central nervous system transmits decisions to three places in the body. The acronym you made was G.I.M, or GYM.
Glands
Intenal organs
Muscles
88
What is sensory transduction?
The conversion of energy from a stimulus into a change in membran potential in a a receptor cell to produce an action potential.
89
All sensory organs use the same type of electrical signal. What electrical signal is it?
Action potentials.
90
What are the four system types in regard to the classification of sensory systems? The acronym you created is : MPTC.
Mechanical: touch hearing
Photic: Vision
Thermal: Temperature
Chemical: smell & taste
91
Sensory transduction sensations begin in the skin, where we have different types of skin -------receptors.
Mechanoreceptors.
92
Here is an example of neuron functions in the somatic nervous system to review. The example is for when someone touches/comes near a fire and pulls their hands away.
1. Skin receptors generate an electrical signal to signal pain.
- The afferent signal with the sensory neurons transmits this information to the integration centre
- The receptors receive stimulus of heat
2. The sensory neuron communicates pain signal to interneuron which communicates with a motor neuron.
3. The motor neuron communicates with muscle cells to activate muscles & contract the fingers.
- The afferent signal gets integrated and sent to the cell body of an efferent neuron which is connected to a motor neuron.
93
During a nervous system response, does the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system mobilize energy to flee or flight?
Sympathetic
94
During a nervous system response, does the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system increase processes that replenishes energy? ( conserve)
The parasympathetic
95
Differentiating from the sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system. * learning trick*
Sympathetic: I feel sympathy for you ( your friend in a bad situation,) and I want to help you fight against the bad situation.
Parasympathetic: For the paralympic games, athletes have to rest & digest to replenish energy.
96
Which two neurons control the internal environment in the autonomic nervous system?
They are found in the glands & internal organs.
97
What is a ganglionic fiber?
* Unanswered question**
98
When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, which neurotransmitter is released?
Norepinephrine.
99
When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which neurotransmitter is released?
Acetylcholine.
100
The first synapse is close to the spinal chord and grouped together in the Sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system?
SNS. Nerves exit from thoracic & lumbar regions
101
The first synapse is close to the target organ in the SNS or PNS?
The PNS. Nerves exit from the sacral region of the spinal chord or brain ( vagus nerve.)
102
How do I identify the different types of neurons?
Send email.
