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Bio-Psychology Exam #1 > Chapter 2: Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four regions of the neuron?

A

1.Dendrites. 2. Soma. 3. Axon. 4. Terminal Button * Synaptic Button.

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2
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Transmit electrochemical signals

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3
Q

What is the neuron doctrine?

A

Cells in the nervous system are separate and do not merge into eachother. Individual cells are independent. By : Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

It is separated from the external environment by a membrane made of lipids. It is a semi-watery fluid.

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5
Q

What are dendrites and what do they do?

A

They bring electrical information to the cell body through graded potentials.

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6
Q

What are some facts about dendrites?

A
  • Several per cell- rough spines- no insulation- near the cell body
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7
Q

What is the input zone known as?

A

Dendrites.

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8
Q

What zone is the Cell body ( Soma) known as?

A

The integration zone.

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9
Q

What is in the soma?

A

They are where organelles are found.

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10
Q

What takes place in the soma?

A

Protein Synthesis.

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11
Q

What are the 6 organelles in the soma called?

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  3. Ribpsomes
  4. Golgi Body
  5. Lysosomes
  6. Mitochondria
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12
Q

What are proteins?

A

They are 20 different types of amino acids

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13
Q

What are proteins made out of?

A

Proteins are made out of polypeptides and amino acids.

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14
Q

What are the 7 functions of proteins? Hint: TCAEMSS

A
  1. Transport: Bind & carry molecules
  2. Channel: Allow passage of ions across the cell
  3. Antibody: Bind to specific foreign particles
  4. Enzymes: Carry out chemical reactions in cells
  5. Messenger: Hormones or peptides that regulate biological processes
  6. Signaling: Receptor proteins that recognize chemical signals
  7. Structure: Provide structure & support of cells
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15
Q

What is Protein Synthesis?

A

The instructions on how to assemble amino acids together to form a protein.

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16
Q

What is protein synthesis encoded with?

A

DNA.

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17
Q

What are the two DNA pairs?

A

Adenine- Thymine. Guanine-Cytosine.

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18
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transcription is when DNA is separated by an enzyme , which exposes a portion of a DNA strand.

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19
Q

RNA cannot transport DNA where & why?

A

It cannot transport it to the cytoplasm because it is too large.

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20
Q

What happens after the portion of the DNA strand is exposed?

A

RNA polymerase copies the strand to synthesize the RNA

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21
Q

What is the difference in pairs comparing RNA to DNA?

A

ATCG. & Adenine & Uracil

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22
Q

What is translation?

A

MrNA is transported to the cytoplasm.

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23
Q

Once the MRNA is transported to the cytoplasm, what happens next?

A

It interacts with ribosomes.

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24
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in mRNA?

A

They read the MRNA strand to identify the amino acid that is needed

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25
Q

3 mRNA nucelotides are known as a ?

A

Codon.

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26
Q

What do codons do?

A

They encode for 1 out of 20 amino acids.

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27
Q

What do anticodons do?

A

They match to the codon on RNA.

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28
Q

What happens to amino acids in translation?

A

Amino acids are attached to TRNA which have an anticodon that matches to the codon on RNA

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29
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

They allow the cell to carry out its functions.

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30
Q

What is the essential function of the cell body?

A

Proteins are synthesized from amino acids that are linked together by ribosomes to create complex structures.

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31
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in translation?

A

They use mRNA to assemble the chain of amino acids in order to form a protein

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32
Q

Define the three steps of Protein Synthesis

A
  1. DNA is transcribed to produce mRNA
  2. mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm
  3. Ribosomes use mRNA to assemble the chain of amino acids in order to form a protein
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33
Q

Axons are only found where?

A

In neurons

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34
Q

What do axons specialize in?

A

They transfer information in the form of an electrical signal or action potential.

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35
Q

What zone is regarded as the conducting zone?

A

The axon because it transfers information.

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36
Q

Where does the axon begin?

A

It begins are the axon hillock.

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37
Q

What kind of proteins are found in the axon hillock?

A

They are important for action potentials.

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38
Q

What is a synapse?

A

When an axon connects to another cells.

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39
Q

Where does an axon end?

A

It ends at the terminal button.

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40
Q

What zone is the terminal button and what happens here?

A

Output zone. The axon makes a connection with another neruon.

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41
Q

What are the three internal bone structures of the neuron?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, & neurofilaments.

42
Q

What is axoplasmic transport?

A

This is when microtubules allow for transportation across the neuron.

43
Q

What are the two types of axoplasmic transport and what are their directions?

A

Anterograde: Soma to terminal
Retrograde: Terminal to soma

44
Q

What protein is involved in Anterograde axoplasmic transport and what is its purpose?

A

Kinesin protein. It moves the vesicle across the microtubules in an ATP dependent process. It carries newly synthesized proteins.

45
Q

What protein is involved in Retrograde axoplasmic transport and what is its purpose.

A

Dynactin protein transports the vesicle back to the soma in an ATP dependent process. It communicates metabolic needs and waste material.

46
Q

List the key differences between axons and dendrites.

A

A: Smooth. D: Rough
A: One per cell D: Several per cell
A: Myelinated. D: Unmyelinated
A: Branches away from cell body D: Branches near cell body
A: Takes info away from cell body. D: Brings info to cell body

47
Q

A synapse is a point of contact with?

A

Another cell.

48
Q

Define the three synaptic trio

A

Presynaptic neuron: Axon terminal of a neuron
Synaptic Cleft: Small gap
Postsynaptic neuron: Dendrite of a second neuron

49
Q

The synaptic cleft is there because cells are

A

Not physically connected to other cells. Cleft is a small gap.

50
Q

How do cells communicate?

A

A neurotransmitter is packaged a the presynaptic terminal button & is released nto the synaptic cleft.

51
Q

Postsynaptic membrane fact

A

The chemical travels to receptor proteins found on the post-synaptic membrane to transmit information that triggers an electrical signal-graded potential.

52
Q

Name the four zones in a neuron

A
  1. Dendrites: Input zone
  2. Soma: Integration zone
  3. Axon/nerve fiber: Conducting zone
  4. Axon terminal or synaptic button: Output zone
53
Q

Information flow is

A

Pre-synaptic to post-synaptic

54
Q

Dendrites receive information from other neurons and transmits it towards what?

A

The cell body via an electric signal/graded potential.

55
Q

Which zone processes information & initiates an electrical signal ( action potential?)

A

The integration zone: Soma.

56
Q

Which zone transmits electrical signal ( action potential) away from the body and towards the terminal button?

A

Axon/Nerve Fiber. The conducting zone.

57
Q

Which zone transfers information to other cells via a chemical signal?

A

The axon terminal or synaptic button is known as the output zone. The point of contact is a synapse.

58
Q

What are the three morphology neuronal types and what characteristics of neurons define them? ( How are neurons classified?

A

Multipolar. Bipolar. Unipolar. They are classified by the number of axons & dendrites they have.

59
Q

What is the c-Fos protein?

A

It shows the neuronal activity of cells.

60
Q

How many neurons are in the human brain?

A

100 billion.

61
Q

Are glial cells capable of an electrochemical signal?

A

No

62
Q

Which cells provide support & nutrients to neurons?

A

Glial cells.

63
Q

What type of cell is an astrocyte?

A

It is a glial cell.

64
Q

Which type of cells provide physical, support, transport nutrients, increase blood flow, & help form synapses?

A

Astrocytes. Astrocytes weave between neurons..

65
Q

Which cells support neuroplasticity?

A

Astrocytes.

66
Q

Which types of cells remove debris at the site of injury?

A

Microglia.

67
Q

What is the purpose of oligodendrocytes & schwann cells?

A

They both wrap around axons to insulate them with myelin.

68
Q

How many axons do oligodendrocytes myelinate?

A

Multiple.

69
Q

How many axons do Schwann cells myelinate?

A

One singular axon.

70
Q

Where in the body do oligodendrocytes myelinate?

A

In the brain and spinal chord. ( Central nervous system.)

71
Q

Where in the body do schwann cells myelinate?

A

In the peripheral nervous system.

72
Q

What are nodes of ranvier?

A

These are gaps in the myelin sheath.

73
Q

The central nervous system is encased within the?

A

Skull & spinal chord.

74
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made out of?

A

It is made up of nerve tissue located outside the brain & spinal chord.

75
Q

Within the PNS there are two other systems. What are they?

A

They are the somatic nervous system & the autonomic nervous system. Also, the PNS is involved with sensory & motor functions.

76
Q

You made an acronym for the functions of the nervous system. It is D.R.M.E. Or ,”dreamy.” What does this stand for?

A
  1. Detect stimuli in the environment.
  2. Recognize the significance of stimuli.
  3. Make a decision.
  4. Execute a response.
77
Q

The autonomic nervous system & somatic nervous system both have two types of nerves. What are they?

A

The afferent nerves & the efferent nerves.

78
Q

What are afferent nerves connected to?

A

Your senses: sensory.

79
Q

What are efferent nerves connected to?

A

Motor. Motor functions.

80
Q

The phrase ,” rest & digest,” is related to which part of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system.

81
Q

The phrase,” fight or flight,” is related to which part of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system. ( SNS)

82
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system & the sympathetic nervous system are related to the afferent nerves of the efferent nerves?

A

The efferent nerves. “ Motor functions.”

83
Q

Which nervous system detects environmental information inside and outside the body?

A

The peripheral nervous system.

84
Q

Where does the peripheral nervous system send its information to?

A

The central nervous system.

85
Q

What is the role of the central nervous system?

A

It recognizes and analyzes information form the PNS and makes decisions, and transmits decisions to glands , internal organs, & muscles for execution.

86
Q

The central nervous system recognizes, analyzes, and makes decisions. Which nervous system executes the decision?

A

The peripheral nervous system executes ( or carries out) the decisions formed by the CNS.

87
Q

The central nervous system transmits decisions to three places in the body. The acronym you made was G.I.M, or GYM.

A

Glands
Intenal organs
Muscles

88
Q

What is sensory transduction?

A

The conversion of energy from a stimulus into a change in membran potential in a a receptor cell to produce an action potential.

89
Q

All sensory organs use the same type of electrical signal. What electrical signal is it?

A

Action potentials.

90
Q

What are the four system types in regard to the classification of sensory systems? The acronym you created is : MPTC.

A

Mechanical: touch hearing
Photic: Vision
Thermal: Temperature
Chemical: smell & taste

91
Q

Sensory transduction sensations begin in the skin, where we have different types of skin ——-receptors.

A

Mechanoreceptors.

92
Q

Here is an example of neuron functions in the somatic nervous system to review. The example is for when someone touches/comes near a fire and pulls their hands away.

A
  1. Skin receptors generate an electrical signal to signal pain.
    - The afferent signal with the sensory neurons transmits this information to the integration centre
    - The receptors receive stimulus of heat
  2. The sensory neuron communicates pain signal to interneuron which communicates with a motor neuron.
  3. The motor neuron communicates with muscle cells to activate muscles & contract the fingers.
    - The afferent signal gets integrated and sent to the cell body of an efferent neuron which is connected to a motor neuron.
93
Q

During a nervous system response, does the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system mobilize energy to flee or flight?

A

Sympathetic

94
Q

During a nervous system response, does the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system increase processes that replenishes energy? ( conserve)

A

The parasympathetic

95
Q

Differentiating from the sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system. * learning trick*

A

Sympathetic: I feel sympathy for you ( your friend in a bad situation,) and I want to help you fight against the bad situation.

Parasympathetic: For the paralympic games, athletes have to rest & digest to replenish energy.

96
Q

Which two neurons control the internal environment in the autonomic nervous system?

A

They are found in the glands & internal organs.

97
Q

What is a ganglionic fiber?

A
  • Unanswered question**
98
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, which neurotransmitter is released?

A

Norepinephrine.

99
Q

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which neurotransmitter is released?

A

Acetylcholine.

100
Q

The first synapse is close to the spinal chord and grouped together in the Sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

SNS. Nerves exit from thoracic & lumbar regions

101
Q

The first synapse is close to the target organ in the SNS or PNS?

A

The PNS. Nerves exit from the sacral region of the spinal chord or brain ( vagus nerve.)

102
Q

How do I identify the different types of neurons?

A

Send email.

Bio-Psychology Exam #1 (5 decks)

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