Chapter 4: Learning, Memory and Emotions

Question 1

If someone underwent surgery that removed most of their hippocampus, what are the results of the surgery?

Answer 1

Unable to form new memories//anterograde amnesia

Question 2

What parts of the temporal lobe play a critical role in converting short-term memory to long-term memory?

Answer 2

The hippocampus and parahippocampal region

Question 3

Define declarative (explicit) memory, and where is it stored.

Answer 3

1. Memory of facts and stats/events.
   Semantic & episodic memory
2. Stored in the Frontal lobe

Question 4

Define nondeclarative (implicit) memory and where is it stored

Answer 4

1 Memory of subconscious/unconscious things/skills/traits that are not actively recalled.
Procedural/skill memory & associative

2. Cerebellum, motor cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala

Question 5

What are properties of long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 5

More sodium ions enter → more signals

Large increase in receptors → more signals

Synaptic strength increases

Question 6

What are the properties of long-term depression (LTD)

Answer 6

1. Decreases synaptic strength
2. Less uptick in ions → fewer signals
3. Reuse sympathetic pathways and reset them

Question 7

What three places and types are emotions linked to?

Answer 7

1. Amygdala: fear, emotion with observation/ reward/ punishment
2. Insula: disgust and pain/ pity
3. Periaqueductal grey: pain perception

Question 8

Why is dopamine important in the mesolimbic (i.e. reward) pathway?

Answer 8

Associates emotions with reward.

Mesolimbic pathway → reward/addiction