chapter 4 key terms

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

the condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best.

Question 2

metabolism

Answer 2

physical and chemical processes by which substances are broken down or transformed into energy or products for use by the body.

Question 3

dilate

Answer 3

to widen.

Question 4

constrict

Answer 4

to narrow.

Question 5

atrophy

Answer 5

the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use.

Question 6

contracture

Answer 6

the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle or tendon, usually due to lack of activity.

Question 7

inflammation

Answer 7

swelling.

Question 8

autoimmune illness

Answer 8

an illness in which the body’s immune system attacks normal tissue in the body.

Question 9

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 9

a type of arthritis in which joints become inflamed, red, swollen, and very painful, resulting in restricted movement and possible deformities.

Question 10

osteoarthritis

Answer 10

common type of arthritis that usually affects the hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) or degenerative arthritis.

Question 11

osteoporosis

Answer 11

a disease that causes bones to become porous and brittle, causing them to break easily.

Question 11

hemiplegia

Answer 11

paralysis on one side of the body.

Question 11

menopause

Answer 11

the end of menstruation; occurs when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months.

Question 11

partial weight-bearing (PWB)

Answer 11

a doctor’s order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs.

Question 12

non-weight-bearing (NWB)

Answer 12

a doctor’s order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any body weight on one or both legs

Question 12

hemiparesis

Answer 12

weakness on one side of the body.

Question 12

full weight-bearing (FWB)

Answer 12

a doctor’s order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight (100%) on both legs.

Question 12

receptive aphasia

Answer 12

difficulty understanding spoken or written words.

Question 12

expressive aphasia

Answer 12

trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing

Question 13

hypertension (HTN)

Answer 13

high blood pressure, measuring 130/80 or higher.

Question 13

emotional lability

Answer 13

inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying, and anger.

Question 13

dysphagia

Answer 13

difficulty swallowing.

Question 13

gait

Answer 13

manner of walking.

Question 14

paraplegia

Answer 14

the loss of function of the lower body and legs.

Question 14

quadriplegia

Answer 14

loss of function of legs, trunk, and arms.

Question 14

inspiration

Answer 14

the process of inhaling air into the lungs.

Question 15

expiration

Answer 15

the process of exhaling air out of the lungs.

Question 15

diuretics

Answer 15

medications that reduce fluid volume in the body.

Question 15

dyspnea

Answer 15

difficulty breathing.

Question 16

urinary incontinence

Answer 16

the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss or urine.

Question 16

digestion

Answer 16

the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells.

Question 16

respiration

Answer 16

the process of inhaling air into the lungs and exhaling air out of the lungs.

Question 16

angina

Answer 16

chest pain, pressure, or discomfort.

Question 17

absorption

Answer 17

the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells.

Question 18

elimination

Answer 18

the process of expelling solid wastes (made up of the waste products of food and fluids) that are not absorbed into the cells.

Question 19

fecal incontinence

Answer 19

the inability to control the bowels, leading to involuntary passage of stool.

Question 20

constipation

Answer 20

the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of a hard, dry stool.

Question 21

enema

Answer 21

a specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool.

Question 22

ostomy

Answer 22

a surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside.

Question 23

stoma

Answer 23

an artificial opening in the body.

Question 24

glands

Answer 24

organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones.

Question 25

hormones

Answer 25

chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions.

Question 26

diabetes

Answer 26

a condition in which the pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin.

Question 27

insulin

Answer 27

a hormone that works to move glucose from the blood and into the cells for energy for the body.

Question 28

glucose:

Answer 28

natural sugar.

Question 29

prediabetes

Answer 29

a condition that occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

Question 30

gestational diabetes

Answer 30

type of diabetes that appears in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high glucose levels during pregnancy.

Question 31

reproduce

Answer 31

to create new human life.

Question 32

gonads

Answer 32

sex glands.

Question 33

tumor

Answer 33

cluster of abnormally growing cells.