chapter 4 key terms Flashcards
homeostasis
condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best.
metabolism
physical and chemical processes by which substances are broken down or transformed into energy or products for use by the body.
dilate
to widen
constrict
to narrow
atrophy
the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use.
contracture
the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle or tendon, usually due to lack of activity.
inflammation
swelling.
autoimmune illness
an illness in which the body’s immune system attacks normal tissue in the body.
rheumatoid arthritis:
a type of arthritis in which joints become inflamed, red, swollen, and very painful, resulting in restricted movement and possible deformities.
osteoarthritis
common type of arthritis that usually affects the hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) or degenerative arthritis.
osteoporosis
a disease that causes bones to become porous and brittle, causing them to break easily.
menopause
the end of menstruation; occurs when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months
partial weight-bearing (PWB
a doctor’s order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs.
non-weight-bearing (NWB)
a doctor’s order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any body weight on one or both legs.
full weight-bearing (FWB)
a doctor’s order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight (100%) on both legs.
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body.
hemiparesis
weakness on one side of the body.
expressive aphasia
trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing.
receptive aphasia
difficulty understanding spoken or written words.
emotional lability
inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying, and anger.
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing.
gait
manner of walking.
paraplegia
the loss of function of the lower body and legs.
quadriplegia
loss of function of legs, trunk, and arms.
hypertension
high blood pressure, measuring 130/80 or higher.
diuretics
medications that reduce fluid volume in the body.
angina
chest pain, pressure, or discomfort
respiration
the process of inhaling air into the lungs and exhaling air out of the lungs
inspiration
the process of inhaling air into the lungs.
expiration
the process of exhaling air out of the lungs.
dyspnea
difficulty breathing.
urinary incontinence
the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss or urine
digestion
the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells.
absorption
the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells.
elimination
the process of expelling solid wastes (made up of the waste products of food and fluids) that are not absorbed into the cells.
fecal incontinence
the inability to control the bowels, leading to involuntary passage of stool.
constipation
the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of a hard, dry stool.
enema
a specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool.
ostomy
a surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside.
stoma
an artificial opening in the body
glands
organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones.
hormones
chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions.
diabetes
a condition in which the pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin.
insulin
a hormone that works to move glucose from the blood and into the cells for energy for the body.
glucose
natural sugar.
prediabetes
a condition that occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
gestational diabetes
type of diabetes that appears in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high glucose levels during pregnancy.
reproduce
to create new human life.
gonads:
sex glands.
tumor:
a cluster of abnormally growing cells.
