chapter 4 key terms

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best.

Question 2

metabolism

Answer 2

physical and chemical processes by which substances are broken down or transformed into energy or products for use by the body.

Question 3

dilate

Answer 3

to widen

Question 4

constrict

Answer 4

to narrow

Question 5

atrophy

Answer 5

the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use.

Question 6

contracture

Answer 6

the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle or tendon, usually due to lack of activity.

Question 7

inflammation

Answer 7

swelling.

Question 8

autoimmune illness

Answer 8

an illness in which the body’s immune system attacks normal tissue in the body.

Question 9

rheumatoid arthritis:

Answer 9

a type of arthritis in which joints become inflamed, red, swollen, and very painful, resulting in restricted movement and possible deformities.

Question 10

osteoarthritis

Answer 10

common type of arthritis that usually affects the hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) or degenerative arthritis.

Question 11

osteoporosis

Answer 11

a disease that causes bones to become porous and brittle, causing them to break easily.

Question 12

menopause

Answer 12

the end of menstruation; occurs when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months

Question 13

partial weight-bearing (PWB

Answer 13

a doctor’s order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs.

Question 14

non-weight-bearing (NWB)

Answer 14

a doctor’s order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any body weight on one or both legs.

Question 15

full weight-bearing (FWB)

Answer 15

a doctor’s order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight (100%) on both legs.

Question 16

hemiplegia

Answer 16

paralysis on one side of the body.

Question 17

hemiparesis

Answer 17

weakness on one side of the body.

Question 18

expressive aphasia

Answer 18

trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing.

Question 19

receptive aphasia

Answer 19

difficulty understanding spoken or written words.

Question 20

emotional lability

Answer 20

inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying, and anger.

Question 21

dysphagia

Answer 21

difficulty swallowing.

Question 22

gait

Answer 22

manner of walking.

Question 23

paraplegia

Answer 23

the loss of function of the lower body and legs.

Question 24

quadriplegia

Answer 24

loss of function of legs, trunk, and arms.

Question 25

hypertension

Answer 25

high blood pressure, measuring 130/80 or higher.

Question 26

diuretics

Answer 26

medications that reduce fluid volume in the body.

Question 27

angina

Answer 27

chest pain, pressure, or discomfort

Question 28

respiration

Answer 28

the process of inhaling air into the lungs and exhaling air out of the lungs

Question 29

inspiration

Answer 29

the process of inhaling air into the lungs.

Question 30

expiration

Answer 30

the process of exhaling air out of the lungs.

Question 31

dyspnea

Answer 31

difficulty breathing.

Question 32

urinary incontinence

Answer 32

the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss or urine

Question 33

digestion

Answer 33

the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells.

Question 34

absorption

Answer 34

the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells.

Question 35

elimination

Answer 35

the process of expelling solid wastes (made up of the waste products of food and fluids) that are not absorbed into the cells.

Question 36

fecal incontinence

Answer 36

the inability to control the bowels, leading to involuntary passage of stool.

Question 37

constipation

Answer 37

the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of a hard, dry stool.

Question 38

enema

Answer 38

a specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool.

Question 39

ostomy

Answer 39

a surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside.

Question 40

stoma

Answer 40

an artificial opening in the body

Question 41

glands

Answer 41

organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones.

Question 42

hormones

Answer 42

chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions.

Question 43

diabetes

Answer 43

a condition in which the pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin.

Question 44

insulin

Answer 44

a hormone that works to move glucose from the blood and into the cells for energy for the body.

Question 45

glucose

Answer 45

natural sugar.

Question 46

prediabetes

Answer 46

a condition that occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

Question 47

gestational diabetes

Answer 47

type of diabetes that appears in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high glucose levels during pregnancy.

Question 48

reproduce

Answer 48

to create new human life.

Question 49

gonads:

Answer 49

sex glands.

Question 50

tumor:

Answer 50

a cluster of abnormally growing cells.