Chapter 4: institutionalism Flashcards
history
Institutionalism dominant until the 1950s, uncriticized and seen as common sense
- Political institutions as political organizations
- Look at impact of institutions on individuals
- Institutionalism looks at description of constitutions, legal systems and government structures, and their comparison over time and across countries
1950s behaviouralism + rational choice + neo-Marxist
End 1980s re-emergence ‘new institutionalism’: other approaches had dismissed institutions
- Institution as stable, recurring pattern of behaviour
- Looked at informal conventions of political life + formal constitutions and organisational structures
- Look at interaction between institutions and individuals
March and Olsen definition institutionalism
a ‘set of theoretical ideas and hypotheses concerning the relations between institutional characteristics and political agency, performance and change’
traditional institutionalism
- flourished as a common sense + was unreflective of issues of theory and method + took facts and values for granted
- focus on formal rules and organisations
- focus on official structure of government
explicit concern with good government and implicit commitment to a particular set of values and model of government
+ functionalist tendency: assumption that particular institutions are the manifestations of the functions of political life or necessary for democracy (John)
mostly descriptive method (criticism: limitations in terms of scope and method)
‘proto-theory’ of old institutionalism
Peters
- normative (good government)
- structuralist (structure determines political behaviour)
- historicist (central influence of history)
- legalist
- holisitic (describing and comparing whole systems of government)
institutions in the eyes of behaviouralists + of rational choice theorists
- behaviouralism: aggregation of individual roles, statuses and learned responses
- rational choice: accumulation of individual choices based on utility-maximising preferences
new institutionalism
1980s
commitment to investigation the way in which institutions shape political behaviour and outcomes, and can also be shaped by human action
main difference with traditional institutionalism: interest in theory: deductive approaches that start from theoretical propositions
institutions as: stable, recurring pattern of behaviour (Goodin)
interest in the interaction between institutions and individuals
the three new institutionalisms
Hall and Taylor: identified the 3 new institutionalisms + are in favour of greater interchange between the positions (but after their article was posted the divides only grew larger)
- normative institutionalism
- rational choice institutionalism
- historical institutionalism
normative institutionalism
political institutions influence actors’ behaviour by shaping their values, norms, interests, identities and beliefs
stress embededness of political institutions within temporal and cultural contexts
rational choice institutionalism
political institutions influence behaviour by affecting the structure in which individuals select strategies for the pursuit of their preferences (institutions provide information about how others are probably going to act)
institutions as purposeful human constructions designed to solve collective action problems
historical institutionalism
explore how the structures of state reflected, and reinforced, power relations between different social and economic groups
institutional change arises when power relations shift, new ideas come to force and the costs of maintaining an established institutional path become greater than the involved change
was influenced by the structural functionalist and group conflict of theories of the 1960s and 70s
core features of new institutionalism
- institutions as rules, not organisations
- institutions as informal as well as formal
- institutoins as dynamic as well as stabilising
- institutions as embodying values and power
- institutions as contextually embedded
new institutionalism: institutions as rules not organisations
brass name-plate tradition = political institutions as political organisations
new institutionalism: institutions as set of rules that guide and constrain the behaviour of individual actors
these rules predict behaviour (normative) and/or provide the ‘rules of the game’ (rational choice)
new institutionalism: institutions as informal as well as formal
focus on formal rules and informal conventions (hard to research, but important in shaping actors’ behaviour)
informal rules can:
- reinforce formal rules
- override formal rules (e.g. gender roles persist despite new laws or policies)
*historical new institutionalism e.g. identify important role institutions that are created, communicated and enforced outside officially sanctioned channels: show how informal institutions may complement, co-exist, compete with, or even substitute for, formal institutions of democracy (Helmke and Levitsky)
new institutionalism: institutions as dynamic as well as stabilising
institutional stability is accomplished through human action
March and Olsen: institutions are best seen as ‘creating and sustaining islands of imperfect and temporary organisations in potentially inchoate political worlds’
- rational choice institutionalists: arrangements persists as long they serve the interests of utility-maximising rational actors, crucially as means of solving collective action problems
- normative institutionalists: institutions develop in response to changing contexts, as individuals seek ‘to encode the novelties they encounter into new routines’
- historical institutionalists: transformative change can emerge from gradual processes of institutional adaption
new institutionalism: institutions as embodying values and power
- normative institutionalists: seemingly neutral procedures are seen as embodying particular values, interests and identities
- rational choice institutionalists: institutions don’t affect preferences, but they have to reflect some relatively common set of values if incentives are to function equally well for all participants
- historical institutionalists: unequal power relationships that are built into institutions can provide an important dynamic for change; different interests seek over time to shift the power balance through institutional change
value critical stance of new institutionalism (Pierre): structure of governance (inclusion and exclusion, selection of instruments) is not value neutral, but embedded in and sustains political values
political institutions distribute power