Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Copy ABSITE Review: Fiser, Decker, SCORE, UpToDate, TrueLearn > Chapter 4 - Immunology > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is IL-4? what does it do?

A

Released by CD4 helper T cell

Causes B-cell maturation into plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is IL-2? what does it do?

A

Released by CD4 helper T.

Causes maturation of cytotoxic T cells.

Involved in delayed hypersensitivity. (brings in inflammatory cells by chemokine secretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do Th1 helper T-cells do? examples?

A

Predominant release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, INF-gamma). Cell mediated responses against intracellular bacteria and protozoa.

Work with cytotoxic CD8 and macrophages.

Overactivation - Type 4 delayed-type hypersensitivity - Type 1 DM

(IL-2 involved in B cell maturation to plasma cells)

(Cell mediated responses involved in TB, viruses, intradermal skin test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do Th2 helper T-cells do? examples?

A

Predominant release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 inhibits macrophages).

Humoral response against extracellular parasites - helminths.

Overactivation - Type 1 hypersensitivity - atopy and allergic responses (IL-4 - B-cell - IgE - mast cell release of histamine, serotonin)

(IL-4 also involved in B cell maturation into plasma cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do Suppressor T cells (CD8) cells do?

A

Regulate CD4 and CD8 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells (CD8) do?

(Maturation by IL-2)

A

Recognize and attack non-self antigens attached to MHC- class 1 receptors (eg viral gene products)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does an intradermal skin test look for?

A

cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What types of infections are associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity?

A

intracellular pathogens (TB, viruses)

(why TB tested by intradermal skin test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What effect can nucleotides have on the immune response?

A

increase T-cell mediated immunity

(intradermal skin test, TB, viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the first step in T-cell and B-cell activation?

A

alloantigen binds to antigen specific receptors: TCR (t-cells) or surface IgM (B-cells).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the second step or costimulatory signal required for T-cell and B-cell activation?

A

IL-1 released by antigen presenting cell.

CD-41 helper T-cells release IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 which provide help for CD81 T-cells and for B-cell activation.

(IL-1 - fever, IL-2 - cytotoxic T cell maturation, IL-4 - B cell to plasma cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does MHC class I (A, B, and C) do? Where is it present? Structural makeup? What is it a target for?

A

CD8 cell activation. On all nucleated cells. Single chain with 5 domains. Its a target for cytotoxic T-cells.

(Cytotoxic T cells matured by IL-2, CD8 can be cytotoxic or suppressor. Cytotoxic cells recognize non-self antigens, like virus, on MHC1 presenting cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does MHC class II (DR, DP, and DQ) do? where is it located? structural makeup?

A

CD4 cell activation. Present on B-cells, dendrites, monocytes, and antigen presenting cells. 2 chains with 4 domains each. Activator for helper T-cells. Stimulates antibody formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are viral infections recognized by immune system?

A

Endogenous viral proteins are produced, bound to class I MHC, go to cell surface, recognized by CD8 cytotoxic T-cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are bacterial infections recognized by immune system?

A

endocytosis, proteins bound to class II MHC molecules, go to cell surface, recognized by CD4 helper T-cells -> B cells already bound to antigen are then activated by CD4 helper T-cells. They then produce the antibody to that antigen and are transformed to plamsa cells and memory B-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Do natural killer cells require MHC?

A

Do not require MHC, previous exposure, or antigen presentation. Not considered T or B. Recognize lack of self MHC. Cancer surveillance.

17
Q

What is IgM?

A

Initial ab made after exposure to antigen. Largest Ab. 5 domains, 10 binding sites.

18
Q

What is IgG?

A

Most abundant antibody in the body. responsible for secondary immune response. Can cross placenta - protection in newborn period.

19
Q

What is IgA?

A

Found in secretions. Peyers patches in gut - prevents microbial adherence and invasion in gut; and in breast milk - additional immunity in newborn.

20
Q

What is IgD?

A

membrane-bound receptor on B-cells (antigen receptor)

21
Q

what is IgE?

A

allergic reactions, parasite reactions

22
Q

What antibodies are opsonins?

A

IgM and IgG. Fix complement. 2 IgG’s or 1 IgM

23
Q

What does the variable region in an antibody do?

A

antigen recognition

24
Q

What does the constant region in Ab do?

A

Recognized by PMN and macrophages. Fc fragment does not carry variable region.

25
Q

What are polyclonal antibodies?

A

have multiple binding sites to the antigen at multiple epitopes

26
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

have only 1 binding site to 1 epitope

27
Q

How are variable and constant regions of heavy and light chains bound?

A

disulfide bonds

28
Q

What is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Immediate. allergic. TH2 and IgE mediated - mast and basophils relase histamine, serotonin and bradykinin in response to releas of major basic protein from eosinophils which have IgE receptors for antigen. (Bee stings, hay fever, peanuts, atopy)

29
Q

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgG or IgM reacts with cell-bound antigen

(ABO, Rh, Graves, Myasthenia gravis, ITP)

30
Q

What is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Immune complex deposition

(serum sickness, rheumatoid, SLE)

31
Q

What is a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Delayed-type hypersensitivity. Ag stimulation of sensitized T-cells

(TB skin test, contact dermatitis)

32
Q

What are basophils the major source of?

A

Histamine in the blood

(Assn: TH1, IgE, allergy, Type-1 hypersensitivity)

33
Q

What are mast cells the major source of?

A

Histamine in tissue (other than stomach)

34
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

liver, bone, thymus

35
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen and lymph nodes

36
Q

What is immunologic chimera?

A

2 different cell lines in one individual (bone marrow transplant recipient)

37
Q

What do you do for non-tetanus prone wounds?

A

Give tetanus toxoid only if patient has received <3 doses or tetanus status unknown

38
Q

What do you do for tetanus prone wounds?

A

>6 hr old, gross contamination, crush, burn, frostbite, missile wound

alway give tetanus toxoid unless known to have >3 ant it has been <5 years since last booster

39
Q

Tetanus immune globulin is given when?

A

patient with tetanus prone wounds who have not been immunized

Copy ABSITE Review: Fiser, Decker, SCORE, UpToDate, TrueLearn (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions