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Sports Medicine > Chapter 4 - Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Host

A

a person (or animal) that harbors an infectious organism

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2
Q

Vector

A

usually an insect, which transmits the disease causing organism between two individual hosts
- usually is not affected itself, but can pass the infectious organism to many hosts

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3
Q

Contagious

A

infectious diseases that can pass from person-to-person without vectors

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4
Q

Communicable diseases

A

can be passed from an animal to any other, and thus include vector-mediated disease

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5
Q

Immunodeficiency Disorder

A

occur when the body is unable to mount the appropriate immune responses to foreign microorganisms

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6
Q

Autoimmune Disorder

A

occur when the body mounts an immune response against itself

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7
Q

Allergic Reaction

A

occur when a normal immune response damages normal tissues

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8
Q

Thymus

A
  • located in the chest between the sternum and the heart
  • responsible for producing T cells
  • active from infancy through adolescence, not much in adults
  • functions to help T lymphocytes mature and become immunocompetent (able to recognize and bind to antigens)
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9
Q

Spleen

A
  • size of a fist, located in the upper left quadrant just under the diaphragm
  • functions to filter blood and lymph to remove abnormal red blood cells and platelets and to initiate an immune response against antigens through the actions of T and B cells
  • macrophages work to remove cellular debris, bacteria, viruses, and toxins from the blood
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10
Q

Types of Infectious Organisms:

Bacteria

A
  • structure: simple single-called organism
  • mode of replication: replicate independent of host
  • environmental factors: do no depend on host for survival
  • immune response: macrophages stimulate T cells to stimulate neutrophils (general, cell-mediated) and some B cell and antibody action
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11
Q

Types of Infectious Organisms:

Viruses

A
  • structure: non-cellular genetic strands
  • mode of replication: use host’s cellular mechanisms to replicate
  • environmental factors: cannot exist outside the biological environment of the hosts
  • immune response: macrophages stimulate T cells to stimulate “killer” cells and cytotoxic T cells. Also, B cells and some humoral proteins that are effective against some viruses
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12
Q

Types of Infectious Organisms:

Parasites (protozoa)

A
  • structure: complex single-called organism with multiple or undifferentiated cells
  • mode of replication: replicate independent of host
  • environmental factors: exist in the environment of the host
  • immune response: macrophages stimulate T cells to stimulate eosinophils (general, cell-mediated). B cells particularly if toxins produced by parasite. Also, some humoral mechanisms
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13
Q

Types of Infectious Organisms:

Fungi (mycoses)

A
  • structure: primitive single-called plants, commonly yeasts and molds
  • mode of replication: replicate by spores
  • environmental factors: dependent on host for growth (but not necessarily for reproduction)
  • immune response: macrophages stimulate T cells to stimulate neutrophils (general, cell-mediated) and some B cell and antibody action
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14
Q

Lymphatic System:

Lymph

A

a clear fluid, rich in white blood cells, that circulates throughout the interstitial tissues
- collects plasma and debris from the interstitial tissues and is then reabsorbed into the lymphatic vessels

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15
Q

Lymphatic System:

Lymphatic Vessels

A
  • located throughout the body alongside blood vessels
  • walls are thin and contain one-way valves to help move the lymph unidirectionally toward the lymph nodes and then onto the lymphatic and thoracic ducts where it is dumped back into the circulatory system
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16
Q

Lymphatic System:

Lymphatic Ducts and Thoracic Ducts

A

Lymphatic - receives lymph drained from the right arm and the right side of the thorax, neck, and head

Thoracic - much larger and receives lymph from all remaining areas of the body

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17
Q

Lymphatic System:

Lymph Nodes

A
  • located throughout the body in clusters
  • functions to filter the lymph fluid as well as to monitor for antigens
  • largest collections occurs in the axillary, neck, groin, (these three are easily palpated and are often found to be swollen and tender when someone is fighting an infection), popliteal, supraclavicular, abdominal, pelvic, and chest areas
18
Q

Lymphatic System:

Bone Marrow

A

site for the production of red (mature) and white blood cells

19
Q

White Blood Cells

A

enter the bloodstream and are transported to other sites for maturation
- granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
- lymphocytes (T and B cells)
- monocytes (macrophages)
All collectively referred as leukocytes produced in the bone marrow from stem cells

20
Q

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins, Igs)

A

proteins that bind to antigens to deactivate them, prevent them from moving through cell walls, or to mark them for the complement system to destroy

21
Q

Antigen

A

any substance that triggers an immune response

- each antibody is capable of binding with a specific antigen

22
Q

Complement System

A

made up of proteins, produces a cascade of chemical mediators that amplify the inflammatory or immune response
- process helps or “complements” the work of antibodies in destroying antigens

23
Q

Components of Immune Response:

Humoral Response

A

involves activated proteins and Igs (B cell antibodies) that circulate in the bloodstream
- B cell antibodies work to neutralize microorganisms, toxins, and cancer cells or mark these antigens for destruction by the T cells

24
Q

Components of Immune Response: Cell-mediated Response

A

involves the activation of specific immune system cells (T cells, phagocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages), which start a chemical cascade of events to eliminate the microorganism or other tissue debris

25
Q

Innate Response System

A

provides the body’s first and second lines of defense against foreign invaders (microorganisms, bacteria, viruses)

  • first line of defense provided by the physical barriers of the skin and the mucus membranes lining the mouth, nose, digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinate tract, and reproduction tract
  • second line of defense provided by a combination of cellular and chemical defenders
  • chemical mediators (histamine, complement, kinins, prostaglandins) are released which in turn attract phagocytes and natural killer cells to the area
  • further enhanced by the work of antimicrobial proteins (interferon and complement)
  • interferon proteins protect the uninfected cells in the area
  • complement proteins kill invading microorganisms and enhance phagocytosis
  • increases overall metabolism to mobilize energy sources and nutrients to meet the increased demands caused by the infection
26
Q

Innate Response System:

Muscle Catabolism

A

which releases proteins into the blood to provide extra energy (through gluconeogenesis) and supplies amino acids for white blood cells to combat infections

  • fast twitch muscle fibers followed by slow-twitch and ultimately cardiac muscle are affected
  • inhibition of muscle energy through both the oxidative and glycolytic pathways impedes aerobic and strength performance
27
Q

Innate Response System:

Fever phase

A

substances released from macrophages, monocytes, and T cells activate protein complement in the blood, which binds foreign particles as part of the humoral general response

28
Q

Innate Response System:

Recovery Phase

A
  • strength remains limited until the metabolized muscle protein is replaced (2-4 weeks)
  • aerobic function is affected by decreases in blood volume (dehydration), hemoglobin, cardiac efficiency, and muscle mass (up to 3 months)
29
Q

Adaptive Immune Response System

A

provides the body’s third line of defense and includes both cell-mediated and humoral components

30
Q

Adaptive Immune Response System:

Cell-mediated response

A

involves activated T and B cells (lymphocytes)

- stimulated by antigens, which are proteins on the outer cell wall of the invading microbes

30
Q

Adaptive Immune Response System:

Humoral specific response

A

B cells produce antibodies specific to the invading antigen

  • antibodies cue phagocytes to recognize and destroy a foreign microbe
    ex: vaccinations
  • B cells “remember” antigens and secrete the appropriate antibodies when stimulated by specific antigens
  • T cells regulate B cell activity and stimulate the general immune response
31
Q

Effect of Exercise on Immune Function

A
  • decreases the circulating blood levels of lymphocytes, including T and B cells, return to normal (pre-exercise levels) within 24 hours
  • prolonged, high intensity exercise can lead to sustained depression of the immune system
    - prevalent when individuals fail to incorporate adequate recovery time between training sessions
  • bacterial infections do not worsen with exercise, but viral and parasitic infections nearly always increase
32
Q

Signs and Symptoms:

Fever

A

most common sign of infection

  • classified as low-grade (102F) and high-grade (102F and above)
  • sustained body temperature over 104F kills brain cells and may cause irreversible cell necrosis in other organs
  • normal body temperature = 37C (98.6F)
  • varies based on oral condition and throughout the day (highest in evening, low in morning, and lowest while asleep)
  • rectal and tympanic (external auditory canal) temperature = .5C to .9C (.9F to 1.4F) higher than oral temperatures
33
Q

Signs and Symptoms:

Fatigue

A

chronic infection that continually stimulates the immune response

  • metabolic rate increases with infection
  • increased energy demand from the immune response causes catabolism of muscle and other tissues for fuel = progressive and persistent fatigue
34
Q

Signs and Symptoms:

Lymphadenitis

A

swelling of the lymph nodes

  • reaction to mediators from injured tissues and antigens cause the swelling
  • located distal to the swollen lymph nodes
  • swelling in the anterior neck nodes is associated with infections involving the mouth, throat, and ear
  • axillary nodes drain the arm, lateral chest, and abdominal walls
  • inguinal nodes filter the lower extremities, genitalia, lower abdomen, and buttocks
35
Q

Signs and Symptoms:

Localized Pain, Redness, Heat, and Swelling

A

occur with inflammation caused by local infection and are easily observed when superficial tissues are affected
- distinctive red streaks or bands that run longitudinally may appear in limbs that have a distal infection, proximal to the infected site

36
Q

Signs and Symptoms:

Unusual Muscle and Joint Pain

A

result by the inflammatory response to the invading organism

  • does not change with movement and becomes progressively worse over time
  • purulent (containing pus) drainage from wound or body part is signing local infection
  • erythema and edema in joints and deep body tissue indicate presence of inflammatory response
37
Q

Family History

A

reveal a family member experiencing or has experienced symptoms similar to those reported by a patient, suggesting an infection spreading within the family

38
Q

Personal History

A

identify symptoms consistent with infection, like fever, fatigue, or myalgia
- course of symptoms important like origin, intensity, and duration of symptoms

39
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono)

A

variant of herpes virus carried in saliva caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

  • most common among people age 15-25 years
  • incubation period lasts over 1 month, then follows 3-5 day prodromal period in which the patient presents with headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, and myalgia
  • maculopapular rash (flat red areas with small raised bumps) common
40
Q 
Diagnosis:
Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono)
A

W

Sports Medicine (5 decks)

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