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Sports Medicine > Chapter 2 - Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Pathophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

the control of biochemical equilibrium within the body

  • many physiological processes are always active to regulate fluid, chemical, and energy balance in the cells in the cells, tissues, organs, and systems
  • this biological balance is dynamic, constantly responding to changes in the internal and external environment
  • responds to the changing internal and external environment to maintain chemical, fluid, and energy balances in the body
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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

the cellular mechanism of disease and their functional systemic consequences

  • biological process of disease
  • signs and symptoms are a result of the functional and systemic consequences of pathology
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3
Q

Atrophy

A

cells may shrink and become less active in response to decreased metabolic demands
- caused by disease due to injury or immobilization or by implied cellular metabolism ( like malnutrition)

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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

cells may grow and become more active in response to increased demand

  • increase in cell size as an adaption to chronically raised metabolic or physical demands
  • ex: muscle tissue increase w resistance training
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5
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells in a tissue without a change in the rate of cell division or cell function
- occurs as an adaptation to increased metabolic demands, genetic abnormalities, or hormonal imbalance

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6
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of cells of one type by cells of another type, often in response to physical or chemical irritants
- “new” cells do not display changes in rates of division or function, but they may change relative proportion of one cell type to another within a particular tissue

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7
Q

Dysplasia

A

cellular adaptation causes a change into abnormal cell type that has an increased rate of division resulting in increased cell numbers
-formation of neoplasms (tumors)

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8
Q

Malignant (severely invasive) dysplasia

A

produces neoplasms in a process called cancer (rapid proliferation of undifferentiated, non-specific cell types)

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9
Q

Necrosis

A

Early cell death, occurs when cell resources cannot meet the metabolic (like oxygen and energy) demands of the nucleus

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10
Q

Apoptosis

A

the process of naturally occurring cell death that occurs at a controlled rate in many tissues

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11
Q

Damaged tissue healing

A
  1. organ and tissue cells may be regenerated, essentially rebuilding the injured tissue
  2. the damaged cells may be replaced by connective tissue, a process that forms a scar
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12
Q

Scarred tissue

A

may restore structural integrity to the organ but does not function like the original tissue

  • if significant amount of scarring occurs, the function of the organ may be permanently impaired
  • occurs in response to cellular damage in tissues and organs that cannot regenerate functional cells
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13
Q

Tissue healing:

Inflammatory phase

A

begins at the moment of tissue injury, and includes a vascular response and cellular response
-typically lasts only days after injury but can be prolonged as long as cells continue to undergo damage

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14
Q

Inflammatory - Hemostasis (vascular response)

A

immediate vasoconstriction and platelet activation to control blood loss
- after a period of vasoconstriction, the vessels dilate and become more permeable

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15
Q

Cellular response

A

various types of white blood cells move into the area to remove bacteria and dead cells
-cells can also release growth factors that stimulate cell growth, stimulate revascularization, and attract cells (fibroblasts)

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16
Q

Tissue healing:

Proliferative phase

A

serves to close the tissue wound

  • fibroblasts secret collagen (could take several weeks), a complex protein that binds to itself and other structures to create a scar
  • in some tissues, the scar eventually becomes vascularized and new functional tissue cells are regenerated
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17
Q

Tissue healing:

Remodeling phase

A

a continuous process of simultaneous breakdown and redeposition of collagen

  • allows for the final collagen structure to form in response to forces experienced by the tissue during this stage
  • stops when the structure is restored (continues for many months until the integrity and function of the tissue and organ are good)
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18
Q

Inflammation

A

every tissue of the body responds to cellular injury or infection

19
Q

Acute inflammation

A

damaged cells release chemicals that cause local capillaries to dilate and become more permeable

  • increases blood flow to the area and allows proteins and plasma fluids to enter the interstitial space (space between cells)
  • excess interstitial fluid causes tissue pressure to increase relative to pressure in the nearby capillaries
  • blood flow in the area decreases, producing ischemic damage (greatest near the site of primary cell injury) = increase tissue damage
20
Q

Tissue healing:

Proliferative phase

A

serves to close the tissue wound

  • fibroblasts secret collagen (could take several weeks), a complex protein that binds to itself and other structures to create a scar
  • in some tissues, the scar eventually becomes vascularized and new functional tissue cells are regenerated
21
Q

Inflammation

A

every tissue of the body responds to cellular injury or infection

22
Q

Tissue healing:

Remodeling phase

A

a continuous process of simultaneous breakdown and redeposition of collagen

  • allows for the final collagen structure to form in response to forces experienced by the tissue during this stage
  • stops when the structure is restored (continues for many months until the integrity and function of the tissue and organ are good)
23
Q

Acute inflammation

A

damaged cells release chemicals that cause local capillaries to dilate and become more permeable

  • increases blood flow to the area and allows proteins and plasma fluids to enter the interstitial space (space between cells)
  • depends on the extent of cellular damage, but generally lasts from 48 to 72 hours
24
Q

Inflammation:

Pain

A

results from tissue damage (primary and secondary), the inflammatory chemicals, and ischemia
- causes local muscle spasm to guard the damaged tissue = loss of movement and function

25
Q

Inflammation:
Swelling, erythema (redness), & heat

Inflammation:
Ecchymosis

A

effects of increased regional blood flow and plasma fluid in the interstitial space

dark, red, blue, or black discoloration
- from red blood cells in the tissue may occur

26
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

usually a result of long term chemical irritation or mechanical stress

  • can prevent or inhibit tissue healing
  • destructive to cells and tissues because of chemical action and leukocytes activity prolonged
  • produces more fibrin and collagen to protect the undamaged tissue or isolate the offending substance
  • produce aching pain, pitting edema, mild to moderate muscle spasms, and increased local tissue temperature
  • persists until the cause of cellular damage is removed
27
Q

Infection

A

a specialized inflammatory response

  • activation of the immune system in response to infection can stimulate inflammatory response
  • response is more widespread than occurs with a local tissue wound
28
Q

Infection:

Fever

A

involuntary shivering, widespread vasoconstriction, and lying down and flexing the body all occur to increase body temperature to a new level

  • significantly increase metabolic demands
  • hyperpnea (rapid breathing)
  • tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
  • catabolism (breakdown) of muscle and other tissues except fat to obtain energy
  • effects = fatigue, malaise (feeling bad), weakness, and loss of appetite
  • reduce body temperature = diaphoresis (sweating), lethargy (extreme drowsiness), and extension of the body in supine
29
Q

Bone

A
  • osteocytes = mature bone cells
  • osteoblasts = produced by these cells
  • osteoclasts = resorted by these cells
  • constantly being resorted and rebuilt, maintaining a homeostatic balance
30
Q

Osteoporosis

A

more bone is resorted than rebuilt = overall decrease in bone mass and density (a sign of osteopenia) and structural weakening of the bone

31
Q

Bone:

Periosteum

A

an innervated and vascular structure that provides nutrition to the cortical (compact) bone

  • cancellous bone has its own blood supply and contains the bone marrow which is either yellow (fatty) or red
  • red marrow, a critical organ, produces blood cells
  • children = mostly red marrow
  • adults = have red marrow only in flat bones (cranium, ribs, pelvis, and vertebrae)
32
Q

Bone:

Joints

A

articulate to form joints

- joint surfaces are covered with articulate cartilage, which decreases the friction between opposing bones

33
Q

Bone infection

A

osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone and bone marrow which destroys healthy bone cells and deforms the bone

34
Q

Articulate cartilage

A
  • is a vascular (has no nervous supply) and has very few chondrocytes (living cartilage cells) within its tissue so pain does not occur unless the underlying (subchondral) bone or synovial tissue is involved
  • can be damaged by physical trauma, inflammation or infection
  • has no blood supply
  • when damaged, it is either replaced by fibrocartilage, which is not as smooth, or not replaced at all
  • injuries are relatively permanent, although function may be preserved with replacement by fibrocartilage
  • injuries are usually accompanied by subtle joint instability and synovial (joint capsule) inflammation, aka arthritis
35
Q

Connective tissue

A

consists of collagen and elastin

  • a higher proportion of collagen indicates relatively greater tensile strength but less flexibility
  • a higher proportion of elastin indicates lesser tensile strength but greater flexibility
  • attached body structures like organs, bones, and muscles to one another
  • highly vascular and innervated, usually only has a few living cells interspersed in the tissue
36
Q

Endothelium

A

lines the cardiovascular system, including the heart, arteries, veins, and lymphatic

  • regulates the exchange of substances between the blood and other organs like nutrients, metabolic waste products, gases, infectious microorganisms, and toxins
  • rate of replication is high = new cells constantly replacing cells exposed to toxins infections or damaging substance
  • the body can protect itself by always presenting fresh cells as the first line of defense against potential pathogens
37
Q

Epithelium

A

lines the interior and exterior surfaces of the body including the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the pulmonary system
- provides a barrier to the external environment

38
Q

Nerve cells

A

transmit electrical signals that are initiated by external or internal stimuli

  • signals control the movement, cognitive, and regulatory systems of the body
  • all nerve cells contain a cell body, dendrites (projections that receive signals from other cells), and axons (projections that send signals to other cells)
  • fragile and easily damaged by physical trauma, toxins, infections, and metabolic imbalances
  • signs of nervous system impairment are often early indications of systemic disease
  • loss of neural function implies a loss of the ability to propagate the electrical signal; the location and type of nerve determines the functional effects of nerve injury
  • damage to cell body, dendrite and axon is permanent, can not be replaced or regenerated in the CNS
  • however, damage to an axon in the PNS can regenerate provided the myelin sheath surrounding the axon is preserved
39
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • musculoskeletal
  • moves the bones and body through space
  • most commonly affected by physical trauma (contusion or strain)
  • infection (tetanus)
  • genetic and metabolic disease (muscular dystrophy, myesthenia gravis)
40
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • heart
  • maintain blood flow to the body
  • commonly affected by metabolic states (ischemia) and infection
41
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • vascular and GI tract
  • move blood and food through the respective system
  • commonly affected by metabolic states (ischemia) and infection
42
Q

Hemorrhage

A

substantial tissue trauma may cause a loss of large amounts of blood from the vascular system
- serious and potentially fatal consequences as organs, tissues, and cells become progressively deprived of blood-borne nutrients and oxygen, known as shock

43
Q

Endocrine glands

A

rarely affected by trauma

  • but physical damage may occur with major injuries and disease in surrounding organs
  • genetic factors induce abnormal functions or tumor development
  • environmental factors also potentially affect endocrine function through toxicity

Sports Medicine (5 decks)

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