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A Level Geography > Chapter 4: Global Governance Case Studies > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Global Governance Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

How many remembers does the EU have?

A

193

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2
Q

How many members does NATO have?

A

28

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3
Q

What is the role of NATO?

A

NATO is made up of the most powerful maritime figures, which aim to battle piracy among other issues.

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4
Q

What does NATO stand for?

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

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5
Q

What does the UNCLOS stand for?

A

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION OF THE LAW OF THE SEA

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6
Q

What does NATO aim to tackle?

A
  1. Piracy

2. Refugees and Migrants

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7
Q

What is the UN Environment Program and what does it entail?

A

187 members pledged to combat climate change at the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015.
This area of the UN framework agreement aims to oversee the negotiations on climate change.

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8
Q

What were the key features of the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015? Give 3.

A
  1. Hold global temperature rise to 1.5c
  2. Certain wealthy countries will pledge £100 billion annually to help developing nations to adapt to climate change
  3. Aim to reduce net emissions to 0 by midway through the 21st century.
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9
Q

Which international body is the only one that has granted absolute free movement since 1995?

A

The EU

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10
Q

What is the Marine Directive?

A

This is the EU’s strict set of rules over marine and ocean topics.

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11
Q

How effective is the EU when dealing with ocean management?

A

Made up of influential countries which means rules are more likely to be abode, and if countries do not abide by these rules they can have criminal offences.

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12
Q

Can you give an example of an offence punishable by the EU for breaking its Marine Directive?

A

Criminal offence to put oil or other pollutants from vessels into the sea.

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13
Q

Who are the members of the G7?

A

USA, UK, Japan, Germany, Canada, Italy, France and Canada. The G8 includes Russia too.

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14
Q

What is the main aim of the G7/G8/G20?

A

Aim to coordinate responses to recent economic change.

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15
Q

Can you give an example of how the G8 aided a country?

A

Japan 2011

Hit by a tsunami and the G8 acted to support Japan through economic help etc.

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16
Q

When was the G20 formed?

A

1999

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17
Q

Why is the G77 not as effective as the G7/8?

A

As it has 77 members, the countries all have differing views of what could help them develop further. They’re also developing nations so aren’t as influential.

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18
Q

Does the G7/8/20 have a good reputation with Ocean Management?

A

No

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19
Q

How is the G7/8 different to the G77?

A

The G77 is made up of developing countries rather than the large economic beasts.

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20
Q

Why was the G20 introduced?

A

To include countries such as China to make the decisions more inclusive. However, this causes disputes in the decision making process.

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21
Q

Up to how many KM away from the coastline does each country have complete sovereignty over?

A

12km

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22
Q

200km. How is this distance significant when looking at oceans, coastlines and laws of the ocean?

A

This is the area of the EEZ. This gives states the opportunity to exploit the materials in this area. The rest of the undivided sea is free reign for countries.

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23
Q

Pre-1939: How were the oceans divided?

A

They weren’t.

All oceans were under “freedom of the sea” except for the 3miles around the coastline of each country.

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24
Q

Why were changes needed during 1940-1950?

A

There were many growing threats:

  1. Fish stocks became depleted
  2. Pollution was growing from tankers
  3. Countries were claiming random areas of sea
  4. USA claimed the whole of the continental shelf, and with it all of its oil, gas and minerals
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25
Q

How was the UK embroiled in conflict over ocean management is 1960-70s?

A

Offshore oil in North Sea was being claimed by Germany, UK and Denmark which was causing disputes.

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26
Q

What other issues were occurring in 1960-70 regarding Ocean Management?

A

Fish stocks were becoming critically endangered.

Countries continued to claim more land.

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27
Q

What influential body was developed in 1973-82 which saw ocean management take place?

A

The UN developed UNCLOS, which established EEZ to battle these issues. (Exclusive economic zone)

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28
Q

“States have complete ownership and foreign vessels are banned for entering these waters”. Which area of Ocean Zone is this?

A

Internal Waters

The zone they inhabit is landward of the baseline.

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29
Q

Territorial waters are where in location to the land?

A

Between the baseline and 12nm in the ocean

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30
Q

What is a NM and how does it relate to a M?

A

A NM is a Nautical Mile.

1.5nm is equivalent to 1mile

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31
Q

Are foreign ships allowed to go into territorial waters, and what are the rules like for submarines?

A

Yes they are. as long as they’re innocent passing and have gained consent. Submarines are also able to as long as they’re on the surface.

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32
Q

What is the Contiguous Zone?

A

Up to 24nm, this is where coastal state have the right to enforce customs and migration policies.

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33
Q

How far from the baseline does the EEZ reach?

A

200nm, it gives all foreign nationals the right to exploit the resources, and foreign nations have the right to the water to pass through.

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34
Q

“Coastal states have the right to harvest materials in its subsoils, to the exclusion of others”. …. is 350nm away from shoreline. What Oceanic Zone is this about?

A

The Continental Shelf

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35
Q

What does CITES stand for?

A

Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna.

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36
Q

When did CITES begin?

A

1975

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37
Q

How does CITES manage the international trade of forbidden items?

A

A licensing system which holds 3 appendix’s.

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38
Q

What are the 3 CITES appendixes?

A
  1. Species that are protected in one or more countries.
  2. Trade of certain creatures is controlled but not banned.
  3. Trade is prohibited unless it’s in certain circumstances.
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39
Q

How many countries have adopted the CITES program?

A

191

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40
Q

Can you give an example of a prohibited item that is banned but is still sold?

A

Shark Fins

These are damaging the number is wild sharks, which will continue until a cultural shift occurs in Asian Countries.

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41
Q

What is the role of ISA?

A

International Seabed Authorities.

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42
Q

What is the role of ISA?

A

Regulate and control seabed exploration and mining outside EEZ and territorial zones. It was set up by UNCLOS

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43
Q

How do Land Locked countries get access to seas under the UNCLOS laws?

A

Transit states must enable the country to get through to the sea, as long as they are not infringing on the legitimate interests.

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44
Q

What is the definition of Sustainable Development?

A

Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future generations.

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45
Q

What are the Sustainability Goals set by the UN?

A

15 goals.
Introduced in 2015.
Shows the road map for future generations, which a strong emphasis on Oceans

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46
Q

What sustainability goal set by the UN has a strong emphasis on Oceans?

A

14- Life Below Water

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47
Q

Which goals did the UN Sustainable Goals replace?

A

The millennium development goals; 2000

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48
Q

What are the 5 Challenges that the ocean is facing regarding pollution?

A
  1. Overfishing
  2. Acidification
  3. Pollution
  4. Habitat loss
  5. Invasive species
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49
Q

What are global transit chokeholds?

A

These are narrow channels along key trade points which need to be kept open if international oil movement is to continue without disruption.

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50
Q

Which fraction of oil is transported through oil tankers which go through chokepoints?

A

Half (1/2)

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51
Q

Can you give the 3 examples of global chokepoints?

A
  1. Panama Canal
  2. Strait of Hormuz
  3. Strait of Mallaca
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52
Q

What percentage of oil production travels on maritime routes?

A

63%

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53
Q

What can disruptions to the route examples cause?

A
  1. Longer shipping journeys

2. Hikes in oil prices

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54
Q

To reduce volatility, terror attacks and piracy- what do international communities aim to do (involving marine transit)?

A

Aim to keep the chokepoints open.

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55
Q

When was the Suez Canal blocked?

A

2021

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56
Q

How long is the Strait of Hormuz?

A

96miles long and 21 miles wide.

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57
Q

How many millions of barrels a day are transported along the Strait of Hormuz?

A

17-19million

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58
Q

Can you give examples of how 2 countries are threatening the Strait of Hormuz?

A
  1. Tehran has threatened to mine the canal.

2. Iran carried out destruction of a mock US air carrier to create disruption.

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59
Q

How many barrels of oil a day does the Panama Canal hold?

A

0.85 million

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60
Q

What is the narrowest area of the Panama Canal?

A

110 feet

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61
Q

How is the Panama Canal being improved for transit?

A

Undergoing an expansion project however due to large costs, boats must pay more to use it so instead are not paying and changing routes.

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62
Q

How many millions of barrels a day does the Strait of Malacca hold per day?

A

15.2 million

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63
Q

How many miles is the narrowest point of the Strait of Malacca?

A

1.7 miles

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64
Q

How is the Strait of Malacca a target for piracy?

A

It has a 1.7 mile bottleneck.

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65
Q

In 2011, what was the estimated cost of piracy?

A

$10 billion USD

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66
Q

Is it true that since 2010 the number of hostages and piracy attempts has decreased?

A

Yes.
2010- 1090
2014- 17

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67
Q

Which area has piracy related crime increased?

A

South East Asia

6/10 sea crime occurs here.

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68
Q

What is the definition of trade?

A

Movement of goods and services

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69
Q

What are inter model containers?

A

Large capacity storage tankers which enable freight to not be taken from the containers.

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70
Q

What is freight?

A

Goods in bulk

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71
Q

What is reshoring?

A

The shortening of global supply of goods, it involves MNC deciding to produce home goods rather than using distant offshore locations

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72
Q

Give an example of a distant offshore locations?

A

China

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73
Q

How many million containers are moved across the Uk each year?

A

600 million

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74
Q

How are losses created by the introduction of shipping timetables?

A

The tankers leave at a certain time regardless of whether the containers are on board. This means they may lose money if the ship isn’t full.

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75
Q

Is it illegal for tankers to use seawater to wash out tankers?

A

Yes

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76
Q

When were single hulled tankers banned?

A

1987

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77
Q

Why were the single hulled tankers banned in 1987?

A

These tankers were much more easily damaged, and after the Torrey Canton Supertanker released 119000 tonnes of oil which left the UK and france damaged.

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78
Q

How many seabirds died in the UK after the Torrey Canyon Supertanker released oil?

A

15000

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79
Q

Is innocent passage granted through all territorial waters?

A

Yes, according to the UNCLOS

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80
Q

What is a continental shelf?

A

A seabed which sometimes extends beyond to the boundary of the EEZ to the outer edge of a continental tectonic plate mergin

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81
Q

Why are continental shelf’s more desirable if they stretch further than the EEZ?

A

The EEZ will be extended, if proven, which means the country will gain more land.

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82
Q

What kind of resources are the most valuable and found on the ocean floors?

A

Abiotic

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83
Q

What are placer deposits?

A

They are materials which originate from lands but are carried by the water in rivers to estuaries.

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84
Q

Give an example of a placer deposit?

A

Diamonds in South Africa

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85
Q

What are the 3 main abiotic ocean floor resources?

A
  1. Iron, Copper, Zinc and Gold
  2. Manganese Nodules
  3. Cobalt Crusts
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86
Q

What are Cobalt Crusts and where are they formed?

A

Material which forms at depths of 1km-3km on the flanks of submarine volcanoes.

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87
Q

What are manganese nodules?

A

Lumps of manganese, iron etc

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88
Q

How do manganese nodules grow?

A

2mm every 1 million years due to chemical reactions in seawater.

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89
Q

Where are iron, copper, zinc and gold found?

A

Located in sulphur rich mud near black smokers at submarine plate tensions.

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90
Q

What are submarine volcanos?

A

Volcanos which are located under water.

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91
Q

Why did prices of minerals change in 2014-16?

A

Price of minerals fell due to shrinking demand from china- linked to the decrease in its economic growth.

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92
Q

Can you give 2 reasons for geopolitical tension regarding EEZ?

A
  1. EEZ can overlap when two states lie close to each other.

2. Some states with overseas territory can claim EEZ around them.

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93
Q

Give an example of how geopolitical tension is created when EEZ of two countries overlap?

A

The Sea of Japan (China, Japan, South Korea etc)

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94
Q

Give an example of how geopolitical tension is created when EEZ of an overseas territory is claimed?

A

The UK took the EEZ from the Falkland Islands, which led to tension between Argentina and UK which caused, in part, the war in 1982.

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95
Q

What is ISA?

A

International Seabed Authority

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96
Q

By claiming the continental shelf is outside of the EEZ, how much extra territory can be gained?

A

350 miles +

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97
Q

How does ISA managed the EEZ expansions?

A

They allow the extension as long as it meets a certain criteria, such as sediment thickness.

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98
Q

When the EEZ is extended does it also apply to the water as well as the bed?

A

No, the sea water is still considered the high seas.

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99
Q

How much oil is the Arctic expected to hold ?

A

90 billion barrels

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100
Q

When is the Arctic predicted to be ice free by?

A

2050

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101
Q

Where is Barentsburg?

A

A Russian town in an offshore island in Norway.

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102
Q

What is Barentsburg?

A

A town made for coal mining, which is now created for tourism purposes as Russian believes it could be a popular destination.

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103
Q

Why is Barentsburg important to Russia?

A

It shows soft power and authority in the area, especially when the Arctic melts which enables materials to be taken so Russia has a strong case for ownership.

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104
Q

What is the Lomonosov Ridge?

A

Russia argued it is the continental shelf of Russia which stretches under the Arctic.

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105
Q

What did Russia do in 2007 to show authority?

A

Plant a flag on the Seabed of the Arctic.

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106
Q

What did Obama do in 2017 to protect the Arctic?

A

Claimed a large part of the Arctic was off limits for oil and gas exploration (indefinitely)- and was a joint agreement with Canada.

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107
Q

Why is the demand for gas and oils decreasing?

A

After 2014 Crude Oil Crash, the oil became cheap. It is considered that it would cost more to extract the oil more than the profits they would get.

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108
Q

Give an example of a case which shows how the oil demand is decreasing?

A

Royal Dutch She’ll abandoned drilling in Alaska in 2015, despite the fact that they had spent £7 billion in the area already.

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109
Q

What 4 resources does the South China Sea possess?

A
  1. 11 billion barrels of oil
  2. 10% of all fishing industry
  3. 190 trillion feet3 of natural gases
  4. 30% world shipping routes
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110
Q

What is the Fiery Cross Island, and why is it important for China?

A

A man made island in 2014 that is 1km.

It is designed for military bases to show strength in the Sea

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111
Q

When was Fiery Island created?

A

2014

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112
Q

Why do China claim a historic right to the sea?

A

Created in WW2, China creates the 9 dash line which shows all of the sea that China owns.

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113
Q

How does the 9 dash line harm other countries?£

A

It reduces it completely stops all other countries from having an EEZ

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114
Q

How did China react when the USA tried to stop China from claiming the Spratly Islands?

A

They sent out their own navy as a warning

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115
Q

What are the Spratly Islands?

A

Islands set in the South China sea that are disputed between China, Philippines, Taiwan and 2 others.

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116
Q

What strategy does China use to gain the Islands?

A

Cabbage Theory

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117
Q

How does the Cabbage theory work?

A

Chinese boats block the island from access boats which stop products coming to the island. This forces people off and China gains the land.

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118
Q

What did China do in 2015?

A

Claimed an air identification zone over the South China Sea

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119
Q

What is an air identification zone mean?

A

When planes must be approved from flying over.

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120
Q

How have Indonesia fought back against China?

A

They have shot bullets at the Chinese Fisherman and arrested them for being in their EEZ

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121
Q

How has the UN fought back against China?

A

The 2016 Tribunal claimed the Chinese islands were too small to gain EEZ and that they infringed in the Philippines

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122
Q

How did China react to the UN Tribunal?

A

It ignored the UN and believed their conclusion was unlawful.

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123
Q

What are the 2 Superpower Tension case studies?

A
  1. South China Sea

2. Arctic Ocean Issues

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124
Q

What is a landlocked country?

A

No direct access to the sea/ coastline

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125
Q

How do Landlocked countries import and export goods?

A

All exports and imports must pass through countries. This means they lose their competitive edge due to logistical challenge.

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126
Q

Give 2 examples of a logistical challenges?

A
  1. Admin

2. Cost

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127
Q

Can you give the 3 main issues of being landlocked?

A
  1. Economic health
  2. Ocean resource management
  3. Not impacted by global flows of migration
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128
Q

What fraction of the lowest ranked countries in the HDI are landlocked?

A

8/15

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129
Q

What is Switzerland an example of?

A

A strong, landlocked country

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130
Q

What is Bolivia an example of?

A

A weak, landlocked country

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131
Q

How does Switzerland change its markets?

A

Tunes them to fit western standards.

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132
Q

What are the 3 main things that Bolivia must ‘put up with’ when using Chile as a transit state?

A
  1. Badly kept roads
  2. Inspections
  3. Delays
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133
Q

Who did Bolivia lose land to in the 19th Century, and what did they promise to Bolivia?

A

Chile. That Bolivia was still able to have commercial transit through the new land.

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134
Q

What are 3 positives of Switzerland?

A
  1. Qualified labour force
  2. Neutral political stance
  3. Monetary Security
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135
Q

Nestle, Lindt and Rolex are all examples of what?

A

Popular brands based in Switzerland

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136
Q

What are the 4 largest industries in Switzerland?

A
  1. Banking
  2. Insurance
  3. Tourism
  4. Manufacturing
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137
Q

Can you give 4 examples of a global common?

A
  1. Atmosphere
  2. Ocean
  3. Antarctica
  4. Space
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138
Q

What is a global common?

A

Global resources so large that they lie outside political reach of any one state.

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139
Q

Did Switzerland, Chile or Bolivia stand in the International Court of Justice for an appeal regarding its land return?

A

Bolivia

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140
Q

Can you give an example of an issue that Chile has caused for Bolivia?

A

2013 Chilean strike caused 20km of delays.

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141
Q

If Bolivia had access to coast, how much higher would its GDP be?

A

1/5. It is currently the poorest South American Country

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142
Q

Can you give an example of a country who has ignored the regulations from International Whaling Commission?

A

Japan. The country claims that it used them for scientific research.

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143
Q

Since when has whaling been regulated, and who by?

A

1996- it was banned

International Whaling Commission (UNCLOS)

144
Q

What is Preservation management approach?

A

Nature is something that is best left alone from commerce. For example, aims to ban whale hunting.

145
Q

What is Conservation management approach?

A

Efficient, non-wasteful and sustainable use of resources. Quotas may be used.

146
Q

How many approaches are there to reduce tragedy of the commons?

A

2- Conservation management approach, Preservation management approach

147
Q

How is a heavy meat and fish diet linked to China?

A

The growing affluence of this country is causing more demands on these products. This is leading to water insecurity and endangered species in the sea- salmon, shark and sea turtle.

148
Q

Can you give an example of a fish stock collapse?

A

Newfoundland Grand Banks

149
Q

Where is the Newfoundland Ground Banks fishery?

A

Canada

150
Q

When was the Newfoundland Grand Banks fish stock collapse?

A

1992

151
Q

How many people lost their jobs in the Newfoundland Grand Banks collapse?

A

40,000

152
Q

Why did the Newfoundland Grand Banks collapse occur?

A

Overfishing and poor management.

It led to increase system output too quickly in comparison to the inputs.

153
Q

Was the Newfoundland Grand Banks fish stock ever the same again, after the system threshold was crossed?

A

No, for example Baiji White Dolphins have never returned.

154
Q

Where was overfished in the 1980-90s?

A

Europe

155
Q

How did Europe stop the threshold collapse unlike Newfoundland Grand Banks?

A

Regulations were enforced.

156
Q

How does the Marine Conservation Society have importance when looking at Europe and overfishing?

A

It still advises people to stop buying North Sea Cod, Mediterranean Tuna and Atlantic Salmon.

157
Q

True or False, the European Fish Stocks are beginning to rise again?

A

True

158
Q

What are the 3 types of sustainability?

A
  1. Environmental
  2. Social (good quality of life)
  3. Economic (reliable income)
159
Q

What phrase linked to Sustainability was adopted by many after the UN Conference on Environment and Development Chile 1992?

A

“Sustainable development is one which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future”.

160
Q

What is the Shetland Aquaculture?

A

A group of 50 fisheries off of the Shetland Islands.

161
Q

When was the Shetland Aquaculture set up?

A

1984

162
Q

How many tonnes of fish are reared by the Aqua Culture?

A

50,000

163
Q

Why are Aquacultures, like the Shetland one so controversial?

A

Many fish manage to escape yearly- and diseases and parasites from the cages (which are tightly packed with fish) can escape with the fish and spread in the open ocean.

164
Q

How do Aquacultures provide sustainable strategies for marine life?

A

They ensure fish stocks are not impacted by fishing, as the fish in the cages are used for food rather than those in the open ocean.

165
Q

What are Aquafarms in the simplest idea?

A

Farms of fish

166
Q

How can individuals make sustainable choices about their shopping habits and marine life?

A

Individuals can chose line caught fish such as tuna to stop the process of by-catch.

167
Q

Can you give an example of an individual who has been prominent in the marine conservation and food effort?

A

Hugh Fernley-Whittingstall.
He began “Fish Fight” which highlighted the importance of using ‘unfashionable’ fish, such as mackerel rather than cod in order to help improve marine life.

168
Q

How can local communities have impacts on sustainable strategies for ocean management?

A

Local communities can set up groups which may lobby governments to stop fishing of certain areas.

169
Q

Can you give an example of a local group which had an impact on marine management?

A

COAST- set up by members of the Isle of Arran, Scotland

170
Q

How did COAST have an impact on the fishing stocks and ocean life?

A

They lobbied the Government and managed to get Scotland its first ‘NO TAKE ZONE’ due to damaged coastline. (Due to scallop fishing which caused issued with the seabed).

171
Q

What is a NO TAKE ZONE?

A

This is an area where fishing cannot take place.

172
Q

What is something controversial from the CFP?

A

That fishermen must discard wrongly caught fish back into the ocean (which are now dead). This is known as by-catch.

173
Q

What is the CFP?

A

Common fisheries policy

174
Q

What does TAC mean?

A

Total Allowance Catches

175
Q

Who believes Quotas are too harsh, and what has this caused?

A

Some UK fishermen thought the EU CFP, TAC rules were too harsh. This led to calls to leave the EU.

176
Q

What do Total Allowance Catches do?

A

They are limits set by the CFP which are continuously monitored by scientific research which highlight the amount of fish being caught legally.

177
Q

What is the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation?

A

The FAO can designate marine protection areas in the high seas, and under UNCLOS states have to follow the rules and guidelines.

178
Q

How is the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation often seen as ineffective?

A

Illegal action can still take place without the proper enforcement.

179
Q

When is World Ocean Day?

A

6th June

180
Q

Who organises the World Ocean Day?

A

Un, Ocean Project and others.

181
Q

Was there more plastic produced in the 21st or 20th century?

A

More plastic was produced in the first decade of the 21st century than the whole of the 20th.

182
Q

In 2014, how many tonnes of plastic waste was produced worldwide?

A

31 million and its predicted to be over 1,100 million by 2050.

183
Q

What attitude has led to the increasing use of plastic?

A

“throwaway”. You buy something new rather than fixing something.

184
Q

In the USA, how many plastic bottles are used every 5 minutes?

A

2 million

185
Q

How much of the Ocean waste does Plastic constitute?

A

90%

186
Q

How much does the UN Environment Program estimate each sq. mile of the Ocean hold of plastic rubbish?

A

46,000 per sq. mile

187
Q

Why are more areas heavily polluted with plastic than others?

A

Surface Gyres

188
Q

What is a Surface Gyre?

A

Circular movements of water. In the Northern hemisphere these movements are clockwise and in the southern hemisphere they are anti-clockwise.

189
Q

Who is campaigning to remove microbeads?

A

Greenpeace

190
Q

What comparative size is the North Pacific Garbage Patch?

A

x2 size of Texas

191
Q

Where are the Tern Islands and how are they related to plastic pollutions?

A

Hawaii, they are remote islands which have actually had plastic waste litter their shores from the rest of the world. The finding of plastic bags helped call to have them banned in the UK.

192
Q

A containership in 1992 set a floating flotilla of what products, which washed up on the Alaskan Beaches?

A

Rubber Ducks

193
Q

What remote island has litter from Norway, USA and Spain littering its beaches regularly?
Hint- it is 1000km away from a settlement.

A

Muffin Islands. They’re remote and are located in the Arctic.

194
Q

What percentage of dead Fulmars have had plastic debris found in their guts?

A

95%

195
Q

What is a Fulmar?

A

A bird

196
Q

How many species of animal an bird are thought to regularly get caught in plastic debris?

A

260 species

197
Q

Why do Albatross fall victim to red plastic bottle lids?

A

They’re the same size and colour of their food, krill shrimp.

198
Q

What is a Eutrophication and why does it lead to Marine Dead Zones?

A

This is when nutrients from agriculture are washed into bodies of water. The nutrients cause a boom in growth of creatures, including small organisms. This leads to an ‘algal bloom’ (when lots of algae forms)- which causes oxygens level to plummet, causing the suffocation of fish and shelled creatures.

199
Q

How many zones across the world are considered to be marine dead zones?

A

20

200
Q

Where are 2 marine dead zones?

A

Japan and Gulf of Mexico

201
Q

Why does the Gulf of Mexico have marine dead zones?

A

It is a global agri-business hub so nutrient rich water washed into the seas from the farms.

202
Q

What is a Wicked Problem?

A

A problem so large it cannot be solved with just one organisations work.

EG- Marine Waste

203
Q

Can you give an example of a global convention which manages marine waste?

A

UNCLOS bounds state so they’re unable to dump their rubbish at sea.

204
Q

What is the limitation of UNCLOS?

A

Countries may not dump their waste in the sea, however it can get to water through overland flow- which carried litter, or through sewage pipes which empty into the sea.

Overall, poor management needs to be resolved.

205
Q

After the price added to carrier bags in Wales in 2011, their use decrease to what percentage?

A

70%

206
Q

Which country banned microbeads in 2017?

A

USA

207
Q

Which commission is drafting plans to ban plastic carrier bags?

A

European Commission

208
Q

Which 2 countries have banned plastic bags and why?

A

China and Bangladesh, in addition to helping the environment, there was a push on the banning of plastic bags because:

  1. They block sewers.
  2. They block watercourses during monsoon season
209
Q

Which campaign group made a sailboat from 12500 plastic bottles in 2010 to raise awareness for plastic pollution?

A

Adventure Ecology

210
Q

What film was created in 2010 to highlight plastic pollution and was contributed to from across the globe?

A

‘Plastic Bag’

211
Q

Which artists create art out of plastic waste which generates publicity?

A

Richard and Judith Lang

212
Q

Which NGO created a polyester prototype to catch and compress debris?

A

Ocean Clean-up

213
Q

Through crowdfunding, how much did Ocean Clean-up raise to build their prototype?

A

£1.5 million

214
Q

How large does Ocean Clean-up want its full scale model to be, and where does it want it to be located?

A

100km V-shaped barrier to be located in Pacific Gyre.

215
Q

What is being created from a protein found in milk, called Casien?

A

A biodegradable, edible plastic.

216
Q

In 2016, how many areas were added to the marine heritage list?

A

46 marine sites

217
Q

Can you give 3 examples of marine UNESCO sites?

A
  1. Galapagos Islands Marine Reserve
  2. Wadden Sea (Bird Breeding Hotspot)
  3. Malpelo Flora and Fauna Hotspot
218
Q

What is the role of the Malpelo Flora and Fauna Hotspot?

A

Fish and Shark breeding area.

219
Q

Since what year has UNESCO been awarded special status to places or regions with outstanding natural value?

A

1995

220
Q

What are the 3 UNESCO ‘characteristsics’

A
  1. Outstanding (exceptional site)
  2. Universal (global importance, not just national)
  3. Value (worth of property)
221
Q

How large is the Great Barrier Reef?

A

2300km stretch

222
Q

What are Coral Nurseries?

A

These are areas which Coral is nurtured within the sea, on special crates. This is to help them grow, and is often used after tropical storms to rebuild reefs.

223
Q

What are Coral Raceways?

A

These are area were coral is fed and nurtured in special containers. They grow to a specific size and then are replanted.

224
Q

Who is funding the Coral Raceway project in Queensland, Australia?

A

The Government

225
Q

Is the Great Barrier Reef of the UNESCO list?

A

Yes.

226
Q

In 2016, how much did temperatures rise by?

A

2-3 degrees above the normal peak

227
Q

Why did the temperatures rise in 2016?

A

Due to El Nino and Global Warming

228
Q

Which University claimed that 1/3 Coral died in a certain area due to coral bleaching (caused by warm water)?

A

James Cook

229
Q

Why are people arguing that the Australian Government isn’t doing enough to help the reef?

A

They claim the Government is focused on coal production rather than the reef.

230
Q

When was the BBC documentary released which raised awareness for the GBR?

A

2015- it was a series

231
Q

What is the Great Barrier Reef Foundation?

A

It is a charity which raises money to protect other heritage sites as well as the reef.

232
Q

How much money did the Australian Government pledge to spend to improve water quality around the reef?

A

£600 million in 2016

233
Q

What are the two types of displaced people?

A

Refugees and Asylum seekers

234
Q

What are voluntary migrants?

A

People who moved either for temporary or permanent life or work interest

235
Q

What are illegal migrants?

A

Individuals who either move voluntarily or as part of a criminal activity with an element of force

236
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through cross border transactions, capital flows and technology

237
Q

What are the 6 aspects of globalisation?

A
  1. Cultural
  2. Demographic
  3. Economic
  4. Technological
  5. Environmental
  6. Political
238
Q

What are the main 4 strands of globalisation?

A
  1. Economic
  2. Social
  3. Political
  4. Cultural
239
Q

What are the elements of economic globalisation?

A
  1. Growth of MNCs accelerated cross border exchanges on products
  2. IT firms support global growth
  3. Online purchasing
240
Q

What are the elements of social globalisation?

A
  1. International migration

2. Social Interconnectivity

241
Q

What are the elements of cultural globalisation?

A
  1. Americanism

2. Travel

242
Q

What are the elements of political globalisation?

A
  1. Growth of trading blocks
  2. Global Government concerns free trade and credit crunch
  3. The World Bank IMF AND WTD work to harmonise national economics
243
Q

In 2008, what percentage of individuals are URBANISED?

A

50%

244
Q

In 2013, How many people resided in cities?

A

750 million

245
Q

What area of the world has a large majority of rural to urban migrants?

A

China

246
Q

Can you give an example of traditional globalisation in a country? (Also known as a global economy)

A

Ancient Egypt, Syria or Rome

247
Q

How does Modern Globalisation differ to Global Economy? Give 3 differences

A
  1. Lengthened- Products are shipped further and people travel further
  2. Deepened- More global connections (food/clothes)
  3. Sped Up- International migrants can travel easily and communicate with relatives in other places
248
Q

Can you give an example of a cost of migration to the source?

A
  1. Brain Drain, Age imbalance or no workforce
249
Q

Can you give an example of a cost of migration to the host?

A
  1. Social tension, population growth, strain on resources
250
Q

Can you give an example of a benefit of migration to the source?

A
  1. High wage, Skills can be taken back on the return
251
Q

Can you give an example of a benefit of migration to the host?

A
  1. Multiculturalism, fills job gaps. counters aging
252
Q

Can you give an example of how globalisation is retreating?

A
  1. EU 2016 Referendum saw the UK vote to LEAVE due to increased migration and trade
253
Q

As of 2016 how many refugees were there worldwide?

A

20 million

254
Q

What percentage of the worlds population are international migrants?

A

3-4%

255
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of globalisation?

A
  1. Global Shift
  2. Rising Wealth
  3. Increasing inequalities
  4. Moving is easier which increases demand for migrants
256
Q

Can you give 3 push factors?

A
  1. Inequality
  2. No Jobs
  3. Poverty
257
Q

Can you give 2 intervening obstacles?

A
  1. Transport

2. Border control

258
Q

Can you give 3 pull factors?

A
  1. Urbanisation
  2. Better services
  3. Aging population
259
Q

What are the 4 types of global flow?

A
  1. Flows of food, resources and manufactured goods
  2. Flows of migrants and tourists
  3. Flows of technology and ideas
  4. Flows of money and financial services
260
Q

What type of technology and idea flows have occurred?

A
  1. Grown since 1990 due to globalisation

2. Faster broadband leads to worldwide streaming of ideas (NETFLIX)

261
Q

Can you give some facts about the flows of food, resources and manufactured goods? (3)

A
  1. Value of these goods was $25 trillion in 2015
  2. Emerging economies create low price good and cheap labour
  3. Rising MC leads to more consumption of consumer goods
262
Q

Can you give some facts about the flows of migrants and tourists? (4)

A
  1. 2015 highest number of tourists ever
  2. China generates the highest expenditure from tourism
  3. Europe receives highest tourism overall
  4. Tourism generates $1 trillion annually
263
Q

Can you give some facts about the flows of money and financial services?

A
  1. 2013 foreign exchange transaction reached $5 trillion worldwide
  2. Deregulation in 1986 in London led to removal of Red Tape and it became a financial hub
  3. EU cross border trade expanded due to lack of barriers
  4. MNCs channel flows of FDI to the states that they invest in
264
Q

What does FDI mean?

A

Foreign Direct Investment

265
Q

Which countries’ residents are the only exception to the Free Movement rule in the UK?

A

Irish Citizens. IT is known as the Common Travel Area.

266
Q

How would you get 50 points in the UK?

A

A skilled job offer and fluent in English

267
Q

How would you get 20 points in the UK?

A

£25,600 annual salary or more

268
Q

How would you get 10/20 points in the UK?

A

Qualifications in a PHD (10) or relevant PHD (20)

269
Q

What is the one exception to the point rule (salary) in the UK?

A

If there is a skill shortage you may be able to get 20 points from the system, even if the salary is less than £25,600

270
Q

What 2015 event caused a rise of Anti-Immigration Movements in France?

A

The murder of journalists from the Charlie Hebdo magazine (satirical) by an Algerian Muslim gunman.

271
Q

In the UK, what party is anti-immigration and coined largescale support?

A

UKIP

272
Q

How has America shown that there is a rise of anti-immigration procedures?

A

The coveted US Green Card is much more difficult to gain, and the rise of Trump led to tensions between the USA and Mexico.

273
Q

IN 1950, there was 3mn Hispanics in the USA. This has now grown to what number (as of 2021)?

A

60 million. This has caused economic impacts such as tensions with jobs, and issues with national security such as the 2001 terror attack.

274
Q

What does IDP stand for?

A

Internally displaced people

275
Q

How do IDP differ from refugees?

A

IDP ae displaced in their own country, and do not move countries - could be due to children or the elderly. IDP also don’t get any access to the UNCHR so must get support from governments. This is unlikely as often the Governments have failed them.

276
Q

As of 2019, how many displaced people was there worldwide?

A

71 million (1/110 are displaced)

277
Q

How many of the displaced people are part of the IDP umbrella?

A

over 1/2 (2019)

278
Q

How many people have been displaced by disasters (storms etc)?

A

17.2 million (2019)

279
Q

What fraction of the refugees/IDPs are from Syria?

A

1/4

280
Q

Why are there geopolitical tensions in Africa?

A

There is instability from the boundaries which were drawn by colonisers - as they wanted to divide the resources between themselves.
By 1990 there were all nations due to the end of the mandates. This caused some long established regions to be broken up due to changes in boundaries.
EG: Egypt and Sudan’s border is a straight line drawn by GB in 1899.

281
Q

What key event occurred regarding the Syria conflict in each year?

A

2011: Rebel groups demanded that Assad should resign.
2015: EU and UK had sided the reels initially but found themselves bombing Daesh in 2015 - effectible now working with Assad.
2017: USA bombed Assad’s forces due to allegations of Chemical Weaponry. Russia and Saudi have fuelled the conflict by backing the rival groups.

282
Q

Can you give 5 countries which are involved in middle eastern conflict, and are the source regions for migrants?

A

Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, Sudan and South Sudan

283
Q

What action arguably created the conflict in Syria?

A

The Sykes-Pilot line was drawn by France and GB in 1916 and this split 2 Muslim communities which created tensions.

284
Q

How has energy security caused conflict in the Middle Eastern states?

A

Western, and developed countries, want access to the resources in the Middle East due to energy security which has caused them to side with controversial countries.

285
Q

How do Peacekeepers manage cross border refugee flows?

A

The troops are sent by the UN and are made up of countries military. They are to prevent conflict.
Since 1999 over 30,000 peacekeepers have been based in DRC.

286
Q

How has climate change and drought impacted migration?

A

According the US Pentagon, some of the Syrian Refugee crisis is linked to drought, desertification and climate change. For example, 2million individuals migrated from Somalia and Ethiopian to Kenya to escape the droughts.

287
Q

What is Land Grabbing?

A

This is when the developed countries or TNCs/MNCs seize land from the indigenous people. They do not have any legal right to the land, as it is only ancestry. This has been a source for controversy in the Amazon. The indigenous groups are unable to legally battle for the land due to lack of resources and difficulties with the language.

288
Q

What is the role of the High Commissioner for Refugees?

A

Monitors compliance within the refugee system and this was heightened in 2016 after the record displacement.
It costs $5bn to run annually.
It is the Guardian for Refugee Convention (1951) and the Convention relating to Stateless Persons (1954) and has a mandate to protect so can work with WHO.

289
Q

What is the Refugee Convention (1951) and the Convention relating to Stateless Persons (1954)?

A

1951: It is the basis of all refugee work and was signed by 144 countries. It upholds the rights of refugees and the reaction that countries must have when they gain migrants. Their core principle of non-refoulment.
1954: Designed to ensure stateless individuals have certain rights.

290
Q

In April 2015, how many refugees died when a boat capsized in Lampedusa?

A

800 and by the end of 2015, around 3700 people had died in similar circumstances.

291
Q

What is non-refoulment?

A

This is when countries are not allowed to send refugees back to their won countries if there is a danger to their rights.

292
Q

What 5 things make the control of the refugees difficult?

A
  1. Determination of the refugees.
  2. Lack of adequate police forces.
  3. Remoteness.
  4. Cultural connections between groups either side of the borders.
  5. Indistinct borders
293
Q

What are 4 social impacts on the refugees themselves due to the migration?

A
  1. In the camps there are not many job opportunities.
  2. Education loss (90% migrant children have no school).
  3. PTSD on camps such as from child soldiers.
  4. Human Rights Watch discovered that women/girls were raped and constantly feared attacks in Maidugun, Nigeria by the Bokoharam militia.
294
Q

Can you give an impact of refugee flows in neighbouring states?

A

Syrian conflict put pressure on Turkey, Jordan etc due to the proximity to Syria. This can cause the conflict to spread to there as well.

295
Q

Can you give impacts of the migration on the developing countries?

A
  1. By 2016 1mn refugees attempted the Mediterranean crossing to reach Europe. EU coastguards struggled to save them.
  2. All EU states are obliged to take in refugees due to UDHR but this is costly as it costs £15,000 annually to help a ‘harmed’ refugee.
  3. There are divides about refugees which was heightened after the 2015 Paris attack which the perpetrator was a Syrian refugee who had recently arrived from Greece.
296
Q

What does Backwash mean?

A

This is when the migration causes the drainage of young people from places.

297
Q

What EU agreement enables free movement between countries?

A

Schengen Agreement

298
Q

How does the EU ensure the optimum economic output is created?

A

Migration can be used to ensure that the optimum economic output is created because it provides the EU to invest in greater infrastructure which are shared with all members.

299
Q

What does Friedman argue about migration and backwash?

A

He argued that the backwash effects of migration are balanced out by the trickle down effect to every country. This creates an alliance of states.

300
Q

How is Friedman’s neoliberal view of backwash critised?

A

People argue that the backwash effect has far more impact than the trickle down that they gain.

301
Q

How has migration and remittance flows impacted interdependence in Saudi?

A

1.5 million migrants arrived from the Philippines to Saudi after the country become rich due to oil. Some work in healthcare or transport which allows them to give $7 bn in remittances back to the country. However, there has been reports that the migrants have been treated poorly.

302
Q

How has migration and remittance flows impacted interdependence in UAE?

A

Over 2 million Indians live in UAE and this makes up 30% of the population. 1/5 of the workers work in professional careers. Annually, $15bn is sent back to India in remittances.

303
Q

Who argued that 2 countries with a McDonalds would never go to war as they’re interdependent? And how was this argument countered?

A

Friedan suggested this, but it was countered as Russia and Ukraine have been in conflict but both have a McDonalds.

304
Q

How much did Estonia’s economy crash after the 07-08 UK economy crash?

A

13% due to the halted construction projects which caused job losses.

305
Q

What referendum outcome showed that nationalist movement are growing?

A

BREXIT

306
Q

Which 2 countries have a strong link due to a diaspora?

A

USA and South Korea

307
Q

By having restrictions which impact the out-movement of people, which legislation does this counter?

A

UDHR (Article 13)

308
Q

Which 2 countries require nationals to apply for a visa to exit the country?

A
  1. Soviet Union

2. North Korea

309
Q

Which 2 countries require foreign nationals to apply for exit visas?

A
  1. Saudi

2. Qatar

310
Q

What % of Londoners are foreign?

A

30%

311
Q

Which nationalist party in France gained 45% of the vote in the most recent election?

A

National Front Party

312
Q

In what year were the editors of the Charlie Hebdo magazine murdered?

A

2015

313
Q

How did the visas for the international students decline by 2010-14?

A

Fell by 50,000

314
Q

BY 2014, how many new visas had been granted in the UK?

A

0

315
Q

By how many did the business sponsored skilled migrants rise by?

A

It increased by 12,000 between 2010-14

316
Q

From 2010- 2014 how may education settings were banned for offering non EEA student visas?

A

834

317
Q

How do amnesty international support refugees and individuals?

A

They manage and identify where certain human rights abuses are taking places. They lobby governments and the UN to get them to assist the victims.

318
Q

Under EU rule, refugees must be processed where?

A

They must be processed and accepted into the first country they get too. However, Italy and greece don’t want the refugees so are hostile.

319
Q

Can you give an example of how certain EU states have struggled to distribute migrants evenly?

A

Germany took in 1.1million refugees and Ireland took in 2000

320
Q

Why have certain militia groups travelled to DRC?

A

To gain their natural resources

321
Q

What the main rural push of rural people to urban areas?

A

Poverty which has been aggravated with land reform and population growth.

322
Q

Can you give an example to why land grabbing has caused rural to urban migration?

A

It stops the subsistence farmers and cattle ranchers from keeping their hereditary land which causes them to be unemployed.

323
Q

Can you give an example of a transport link which makes migration easier?

A

The Trans Amazonian Highway

324
Q

How have shrinking world technologies impacted migratory movement?

A

There have made individuals see what is on offer in other places which causes migration. 8/10 people in developing countries own a phone

325
Q

From 1990-2000 how many migrants left rural China for urban China?

A

300nillion

326
Q

What is offshoring?

A

The movement of manufacturing of MNCS to area with cheaper labour wtc

327
Q

Which 3 countries have the largest SEZ?

A

India, China and Indonesia

328
Q

When did the first SEZ originate?

A

1965 and now India has over 200 zones

329
Q

Can you give 2 companies which have offshoring zones in Jakarta?

A

Gap, Levi’s

330
Q

By 1990, what percentage of Chinas GDP was generated in SEZ?

A

50%

331
Q

What is the Harris Todaro Model?

A

(1970) This is the model which suggest that rural-urban migrants are economic optimisers. This is because they believe that they will get better opportunities from the city even though it is expensive, with poor conditions and unemployment.

332
Q

Can you give 2 characteristics of SEZs ?

A

Low taxation.
Low bills
Low land cost

333
Q

What % of Thai youth claimed they migrated for a better education?

A

21%

334
Q

How much more likely are people to migrate who have a

  1. Primary education
  2. Secondary education
  3. Tertiary education
A
  1. 2x
  2. 3x
  3. 4x
335
Q

What shortage is at risk due to the migration?

A

Food shortage as many pe open are moving away from Chinas rural areas

336
Q

What is ruralisation?

A

This is an attempt to create new modern self sufficient villages which stop young people wanting to leave. They should have good services which require the Government to get involved and provide the infrastructure.

337
Q

Using what application can undivided transfer money more easily in Kenya?

A

M Pesa

338
Q

How has the internet and global stock markets enabled a reduce in rural migration?

A

The markets enable farmers and fishermen to check the average price of their produce which enables them to get more income and avoid being exploited

339
Q

What are the 3 top districts from where migrants come from?

A

Comilla, Sherpur and Baristal

340
Q

What % of employment on Dhaka is informal?

A

65%

341
Q

Where is Dhaka?

A

Bangladesh

342
Q

What % of people in Dhaka live in slums, and how many slums are there?

A

3.4 million people and 4966 slums

343
Q

How many people live in Dhaka in total?

A

119 million

344
Q

What percentage of people in Dhaka have piped water?

A

49%

345
Q

What % of the population get waste disposal services?

A

9%

346
Q

What % of the population has no access to land?

A

70%

347
Q

Can you give 3 push factors away from rural Bangladesh?

A
  1. Landless ness
  2. Natural Disasters
  3. Lack of law and order
348
Q

Can you give 3 pull factors to Dhaka (Bangladesh)?

A
  1. Jobs
  2. Services
  3. Access to informal sector
349
Q

How much infrastructure is at risk in Australia due to coastal flooding?

A

A$216 billion worth of key infrastructure, such as road and rail networks, residential housing, commercial properties and emergency service stations, are at risk in the future if sea levels continue to rise.

350
Q

How much of the total GDP does Karachi create?

A

Karachi is a megacity growing at an annual rate of 5%. It generates over 25% of the total GDP of Pakistan.

351
Q

What big telecoms hub opened offshore locations in India?

A

In 2003, BT opened two call centres in India (one in Bangalore, one in Delhi). They employed 2,200 people. BT benefit from lower labour costs because wages are cheaper in India

352
Q

The outsourcing industry in India adds an estimated $…… to the economy?

A

$150 billion to the economy.

353
Q

In 2013, what environmental crisis did China experience regarding pollution?

A

In 2013, China experienced severe air pollution problems with residents of Beijing advised to stay indoors. The air pollution levels were over 20x higher than the World Health Organisation recommended maximum levels for a 24-hour period.

354
Q

What is the extent of China’s water pollution?

A

China also has serious water pollution problems. In 2015, 85% of the water in Shanghai’s major rivers was undrinkable.

355
Q

What is the First Nations campaigning group, and what is its cause?

A

First Nations indigenous people in Canada. The Jumbo Valley is threatened with exploitation to become a ski resort but the indigenous people are resisting this development.
The ‘Keep Jumbo Wild’ campaign represents local residents, concerned citizens and the Ktunaxa Nation (indigenous people) who strongly oppose the development.
Their argument is that there are few areas of wilderness left in the world and so it should be preserved for future generations - ensuring sustainability.

A Level Geography (7 decks)

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