Chapter 4- Functional Anatomy Of Rokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Glycocalyx

Answer 1

meaning sugar coat

substances that surround cells

Sticky glue surrounding eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells -the glue that hold the cells in place

external to the cell wall and composed of polysaccharide, polypeptie or both

also can protect a cell against dehydration and its viscosity may inhibit movement of nutrients out of the cell

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Answer 2

-make up a vast group of unicellular organisms that include bacteria and archaea -the majority are bacteria -typically DNA is not enclosed w in a membrane & is usually a singular, circularly arranged chromosome -DNA not associated w his tones -generally lack organelles such as nuclei mitochondria and chloroplasts -their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan -usually divide by binary fission

Question 3

Binary fission

Answer 3

Where DNA is copied, & the cell splits into 2 cells

Question 4

Eukaryotes

Answer 4

-DNA is found in the cells nucleus-which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes -the DNA is consistently associated e chromosomal proteins called histones and w non histones -have a # of membrane enclosed organelle, including mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes and sometimes chloroplasts - their cell walls, when present r chemically simple -cell % usually involves mitosis- the 2 cells produced are identical to each other

Question 5

Coccus plural:cocci

Answer 5

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

Spherical Meaning:berries Usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side; when they % to reproduce the cells can remain attached to one another

Question 6

Bacillus plural:bacilli

Answer 6

Rod shaped Meaning:little rods or walking sticks

Question 7

Spiral

Answer 7

Spiral

Question 8

Diplococci

Answer 8

Cocci that remain in pairs after % are called diplococci

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

Question 9

Streptococci

Answer 9

Cocci that % and remain in chainlike patterns

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

Question 10

Tetrads

Answer 10

Cocci that % in 2 planes and Remain in groups of 4

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

Question 11

Sarcinae

Answer 11

Cocci that % in 3 planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of 8

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

Question 12

Staphylococci

Answer 12

Cocci that % in multiple planes and for grape like clusters or broad sheets

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

Question 13

single bacilli

Answer 13

appear as single rods

Question 14

diplobacilli

Answer 14

appear in pairs after division

Question 15

streptobacilli

Answer 15

occur in chains

Question 16

coccobacilli

Answer 16

are oval and lloo so much like cocci that they are called coccobacilli

Question 17

bacillus

Answer 17

refers to a bacterial shape// but when capitalized and italicized it refers to a specific genus

bacillus cells often form long, twiste chains of cells

Question 18

vibrios

Answer 18

bacteria that look like curved rods

Question 19

spirilla

singular- spirillum

Answer 19

have a helical shape, like a corkscrew and fairly rigid bodies

move by flagella- propeler like appendages

Question 20

spirochetes

Answer 20

spirals are helical and flexible

they move by axial filaments- which resemble flagella but are contained w in a flexible exernal sheath

Question 21

the shape of bacterium

Answer 21

is determined by heredity

Question 22

monomorphic

Answer 22

genetically most bacteria are..

they maintain a single shape; environmental condtions can alter shape though

Question 23

pleomorphic

Answer 23

bacteria w many shapes not just 1

Question 24

capsule

Answer 24

if the glycocalyx substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall

can b determined by using negative staining-halo

capsules often protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host

Question 25

slime layer

Answer 25

if the glycocalyx substance is unorganozed and only loosly attatched to the cell wall

Question 26

bacterial virulence

Answer 26

the degree to which a pathogen causes disease

Question 27

extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

Answer 27

a glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attatch to their target environment and to eachother

protects the cells w in it, facilitactes communication among them and enables the cells to survive by attatching to various surfaces in their natural environment

Question 28

flagella (has 3 basic parts)

singular-flagellum

Answer 28

some prokaryotic cells have

long filaments appendages that propel bacteria

3 basic parts: filament, hook, basal body

Question 29

atrichous

(without projections)

Answer 29

bacteria that lack flagella

Question 30

peritrichous

flagella may be…^

Answer 30

distributed over the entire cell

Question 31

polar

flagella is..^

can also be monotrichous or lophotrichous or amphitrichous

Answer 31

polar: at one or both poles/ends of the cell
monotrichious: a single flagellum at one pole
lophotrichous: a tuft of flagella coming from one pole
amphitricious: flagella at both poles of the cell

Question 33

motility

Answer 33

the ability of an organism to move by itself

enables a bacterium to move toward a favorable environment or away from an adverse one

Question 34

run or swim

Answer 34

the movement…when bacteriam moves in one direction for a length of time

Question 36

tumble

Answer 36

periodic, abrupt random changes in direction of bacterium movement

caused by a reversal of flagellar rotation

Question 37

swarm

Answer 37

bacterium show rapid wavelike movement across a solid culture medium

Question 38

taxis

chemotaxis

phototaxis

Answer 38

movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus

chemotaxis: stimuli include chemicals
phototaxis: stimuli inclide light