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Microbiology > Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?

A

Bacillus, Coccus, Spiral

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2
Q

Cocci that remain in paris after dividing are called?

A

Diplococci

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3
Q

Those cocci that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called

A

Streptococci

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4
Q

Those that divide in multiple planes and form grape like clusters or broad sheets are called.

A

Staphylococci

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5
Q

Many prokaryotes secrete what substance that is a vicous, gelatinous polymer on their surface and is composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both and is often described a capsule or slime layer and its name means “sugar coat”

A

Gloycocalax

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6
Q

Name the hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella which are used by gram - negative bacteria to form biofilms and helps the cells adhere to surfaces.

A

Fimbriae

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7
Q

What is the main function of a cell wall?

A

protects the cell membrane and prevents osmotic lysis
“Preventing the cell from bursting”

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7
Q

What are the 2 main functions of pili in a bacterial like cell?

A

Rowing (glitching/twitching)
&
Conjugation

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8
Q

A cell wall that has a thick layer of peptidoglycan and also may contain teichoic acids.

A

Gram-Positive cell

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9
Q

A cell wall that has a lipopolysaccharide-lipoprotein-phospholipid outer membrane surrounding a thin peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram-Negative cell

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10
Q

Determine what happens to the a bacterial cell when put in the following solutions
Isotonic solution

A

no change

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11
Q

Determine what happens to the a bacterial cell when put in the following solutions
Hypertonic solution

A

Shrinks

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12
Q

Determine what happens to the a bacterial cell when put in the following solutions
Hypotonic solution

A

Swells

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13
Q

What type of cells divide via mitosis?

A

Eukaryotes

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14
Q

Prokaryote
Studio

A

One circular chromosome not in a membrane
No histones
No organells
Bacteria: Peptidoglycan cell walls
Archaea: Pseudomurein cell walls
Divides by binary fission

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15
Q

What kind of cell walls do bacteria have for Prokaryotes?

A

Peptidoglycan cell walls

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16
Q

Eukaryote
Home w compartments

A

Paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane
Histones present
Organelles present
Polysaccharide cell walls
Divides via Mitosis

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16
Q

What bacteria is called when it has many different shapes?

A

Pleomorphic

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17
Q

Most bacteria are one shape which is?

A

Monomorphic

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18
Q

Bacterial cells in clusters

A

Staphylo-

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19
Q

Bacterial cells in chains

A

Strepto-

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20
Q

Bacterial cells in groups of four

A

tetrads

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21
Q

Bacterial cells in cubelike groups of eight?

A

Sarcinae

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22
Q

What shape is Bacillus?

A

Rod

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23
Q

virulence means

A

How deadly they can be ususally in glycocalyx

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24
Q

Flagella

A

external of cell and propel bacteria made of protein flagellin

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25
Q

What type of protein is made out of flagellin

A

Flagella

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26
Q

Flagella and Bacterial Motility
Run

A

counter clockwise movement

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27
Q

What are the 3 parts of Flagella

A

Filament- outermost region
Hook- attaches to the filament
Basal body- consists of rod and pairs of rings anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

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28
Q

Flagella and Bacterial Motility
Tumble

A

Clockwise

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29
Q

Archaella

A

made of glycoproteins archaellins which are anchord to the cell and rotate like flagella

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30
Q

Axial Filaments

A

Endoflagella found inside in spirochetes
anchrod to one end of a cell

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31
Q

Fimbriae

A

hairlike appendages that allow for attachment

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32
Q

Pili

A
  1. involved in motility gliding and twitching
  2. conjugation pili DNA transfer
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33
Q

Peptidoglycan
NAG/NAM

A

NAG- N-acetylglucosamine
NAM- N-acetlymuramic acid

33
Q

Gram- Positive Cell walls

A

Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids ( neg charge cations regulating moving)
Polysaccharides and teichoic acids provide antigenic specificity

34
Q

Gram- Negative cell walls

A

Thin peptidoglycan
outer membrane
periplasmic space between outer membrane and plasma membrane
protect from phagocytes, complement and antibiotics
made of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Lipid A endotoxin embedded in to payer
Porins (protein form channels via membrane)

35
Q

Gram Negative are thin and stain

A

Red
alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
Safranin added to stain cells 2ndary stain

35
Q

Gram positive are thick and stain

A

Purple
alcohol dehydrate peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave
the dye stays

36
Q

Gram staining
steps

A
  1. Application of crystal violet (purple dye)
  2. Application of Iodine (bigger)
  3. Alcohol wash (decolorization)
  4. Application of Safranin (counterstain) to see
37
Q

Gram- Positive Cell Walls

A

2 rings in basal body of flagella
produce exotoxins
High susceptibility to penicillin
Disrupted by lysozyme (dissolves)

38
Q

Gram - Negative Cell Walls

A

4 rings in basal body of flagella
Produce ENdotoxins and EXotoxins
Low susceptibility to penicillin

39
Q

Protoplast is a wall-less gram_____cell?

A

Gram Positive

40
Q

L forms are a wall-less cells that

A

swell into irregular shapes

40
Q

Spheroplast is a wall-less gram ____cell

A

Gram-negative cell

41
Q

Chromoataphores

A

are where membranes have photosynthetic pigments on foldings

42
Q

Passive Processes
Simple diffusion

A

Simple Diffusion is the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
move down!

43
Q

Passive processes
Facilitate diffusion

A

solute combines with an transporter protein in a membrane such as ions and larger molecules across a membrane with a concentration gradient

44
Q

Passive processes
Osmosis

A

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration through a lipid laayer using aquaporins which are water channels
High to Low

45
Q

Osmotic pressure is

A

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane barrier

46
Q

Isotonic solution

A

solute concentrations equal inside adn outside of cell where the water is at an equilibrium

47
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell
water moves into the cell
Hippo lower outside

48
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

solute concentration is higher outside of cell and inside
Water moves out of cell
Hyper ADHD Higher outside

49
Q

Crenation means

A

to wrinkle up or shrink
Plasmolysis

50
Q

If the cell wall is weak or damage the cell bursts

A

osmotic lysis

51
Q

Active transport

A

requires a transporter protein and ATp goes against the gradient

52
Q

Group translocation

A

requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) substance is altered as it crosses the membrane.

53
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The substance inside the plasma membrane
80% water proteins carbs lipids and ions

54
Q

Plasmids

A

extrachromosomal genetic elements
carry non-crucial genes
outside chromosome
free falls

55
Q

Ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis mad eof protein and ribosomal RNA
70s
50S + 30S subunits

56
Q

Metachromatic granules
Volutin

A

phosphat reserves

57
Q

Polysaccharide grnules

A

energy reserves

57
Q

Lipid inclusions

A

energy reserves

58
Q

sulfer granuels

A

energy reserves

59
Q

Carboxysomes

A

RuBis CO enzyme for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis

60
Q

Gas vacuoles

A

protein-covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy

61
Q

Endospores

A

produced by Bacillus and Clostridum

61
Q

Magnetosomes

A

Iron oxide inclusions
Destroy Hydrogen Peroxide

62
Q

Cilia

A

short projections numberous

62
Q

Flagella

A

long projections few in number

63
Q

Flagella and cilla both consist of

A

micrtubules and made from the protein tubulin

64
Q

Glycocalys

A

carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in plasma membrane
found in animal cells

65
Q

Endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis -pseudopods extend and engulf particles
Pinocytosis- membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

66
Q

Nucleus

A

double membrane containint cells DNA which is made iwht histone proteins to form a chromatin

67
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes site of protein synthesis

68
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes, synthesizes cell membranes, fats, and hormones

69
Q

Where are fats and hormones made in the smooth or rough ER?

A

Smooth

70
Q

Golgi Complex

A

UPS! Transports organelles
transports modified proteins via secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane
Smooth ER –> Rough ER –> Golgi

71
Q

Organelles
Lysosomes

A

Vesicles formed in the golgi complex
containing digestive enzymes

72
Q

Organelles
Vacuoles

A

Cavities in the cell formed from golgi
Bring food into cells and provide shape and storage
Pantry

73
Q

Mitochondira

A

double membrane
inner folds (cristae) and fluid (matrix)
cellular respiration
ATP Production= Powerhouse of the cell

74
Q

Chloroplasts

A

flattened membranes (thylakoids)
containing chlorophyll

75
Q

Organelles
Peroxisomes

A

oxidize fatty acids destroying Hydrogen Peroxide

76
Q

Organelles
Centrosomes

A

Networks of protein fibers and centrioles
Form the mitotic spindle

77
Q

Endosymbiotic thoery
Kirby!

A

Larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells developing the 1st eukaryotes
photosynthetic bacteria became chloroplastes
aerobic bacteria became mitochondria.

78
Q
A

Microbiology (4 decks)

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